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Org Mode

Introduction

Summary

Org is a mode for keeping notes, maintaining TODO lists, and doing project planning with a fast and effective plain-text system.

Org develops organizational tasks around NOTES files that contain lists or information about projects as plain text. Org is implemented on top of Outline mode, which makes it possible to keep the content of large files well structured. Visibility cycling and structure editing help to work with the tree. Tables are easily created with a built-in table editor. Org supports TODO items, deadlines, timestamps, and scheduling. It dynamically compiles entries into an agenda that utilizes and smoothly integrates much of the Emacs calendar and diary. Plain text URL-like links connect to websites, emails, Usenet messages, BBDB entries, and any files related to the projects. For printing and sharing of notes, an Org file can be exported as a structured ASCII file, as HTML, or as an iCalendar file.1 It can also serve as a publishing tool for a set of linked web pages.

As a project planning environment, Org works by adding metadata to outline nodes. Based on this data, specific entries can be extracted in queries and create dynamic agenda views.

Org mode contains the Org Babel environment which allows you to work with embedded source code blocks in a file, to facilitate code evaluation, documentation, and literate programming techniques.

Org's automatic, context-sensitive table editor with spreadsheet capabilities can be integrated into any major mode by activating the minor Orgtbl mode. Using a translation step, it can be used to maintain tables in arbitrary file types, for example in LaTeX. The structure editing and list creation capabilities can be used outside Org with the minor Orgstruct mode.

Org keeps simple things simple. When first fired up, it should feel like a straightforward, easy to use outliner. Complexity is not imposed, but a large amount of functionality is available when you need it. Org is a toolbox and can be used in different ways and for different ends, for example:

  • an outline extension with visibility cycling and structure editing
  • an ASCII system and table editor for taking structured notes
  • a TODO list editor

  • a full agenda and planner with deadlines and work scheduling

  • an environment in which to implement David Allen's GTD system
  • a simple hypertext system, with HTML and LaTeX export
  • a publishing tool to create a set of interlinked web pages
  • an environment for literate programming

There is a website for Org that provides links to the newest version of Org, as well as additional information, frequently asked questions (FAQ), links to tutorials, etc.

Version 7.3 of this manual is available as a paperback book from Network Theory Ltd.

{{{page}}}

Installation

Important: If you have the version of Org that comes with Emacs or as a XEmacs package, please skip this section and go directly to /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Activation. If you downloaded Org as an ELPA package, please read the instructions on the Org ELPA page. To see what version of Org (if any) is part of your Emacs distribution, type

M-x org-version

.2

Installation of Org mode uses a build system, which is described in more detail on Worg.

If you have downloaded Org from the Web as a distribution

.zip

or

.tar.gz

archive, take the following steps to install it:

  • Unpack the distribution archive
  • Change into (cd) the Org directory

  • Run make help config and then check and edit the file

    local.mk

    if the default configuration does not match your system

    • Set the name of the Emacs binary (likely either ), and the paths to the directories where local Lisp and Info files will be installed
    • If the Emacs binary is not in your path, give the full path to the executable
    • Avoid spaces in any path names
  • Run make config again to check the configuration
  • Run make install or sudo make install to build and install Org mode on your system

If you use a cloned Git repository, then the procedure is slightly different. The following description assumes that you are using the master branch.3 You could also use the maint branch instead, where the release versions are published, just replace master with maint in the description below.

  • Change into (cd) the Org repository
  • Run git checkout master to switch to the master branch of the Org repository

  • Run make help and then check and edit the file

    local.mk

    • You must set the name of the Emacs binary (likely either ), and the paths to the directories where local Lisp and Info files will be installed
    • If the Emacs binary is not in your path, you must give the full path to the executable
    • Avoid spaces in any path names
  • Run make config to check the configuration
  • Optionally run make test to build Org mode and then run the full test suite
  • Run make update2 or make up2 to update the Git repository and build and install Org mode. The latter invocation runs the complete test suite before installation and installs only if the build passes all tests

If you don't have access to the system-wide directories and you don't want to install somewhere into your home directory, you can run Org directly from the distribution directory or Org repository by compiling Org mode in place:

  • Change into (cd) the Org repository
  • Run git checkout master to switch to the master branch of the Org repository
  • Run make compile

Last but not least you can also run Org mode directly from an Org repository without any compilation. Simply replace the last step in the recipe above with make uncompiled.

Then add the following line to

.emacs

:

(add-to-list 'load-path "~/path/to/orgdir/lisp")

contrib

ou plan to use code files from the

contrib

subdirectory without compiling them, do a similar step for this directory:

(add-to-list 'load-path "~/path/to/orgdir/contrib/lisp" t)

If you want to include those files with the build and install, please customize the variable ORG_ADD_CONTRIB instead in your local.mk file. For more details please see this description on Worg.

Installing Info files is system dependent, because of differences in the

install-info

program. The Info documentation is installed together with the rest of Org mode. If you don't install Org mode, it is possible to install the Info documentation separately if you have install-info on your system.4

The command to do this is:

   make install-info

Do not forget to activate Org as described in the following section. {{{page}}}

Activation

Since Emacs 22.2, files with the

.org

extension use Org mode by default. If you are using an earlier version of Emacs, add this line to your

.emacs

file:

(add-to-list 'auto-mode-alist '("\\.org\\'" . org-mode))

Org mode buffers need font-lock to be turned on - this is the default in Emacs.5

There are compatibility issues between Org mode and some other Elisp packages, please take the time to check the list (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Conflicts).

The four Org commands

org-store-link

, , and

org-iswitchb

should be accessible through global keys (i.e., anywhere in Emacs, not just in Org buffers). Here are suggested bindings for these keys, please modify the keys to your own liking.

(global-set-key "\C-cl" 'org-store-link)
(global-set-key "\C-cc" 'org-capture)
(global-set-key "\C-ca" 'org-agenda)
(global-set-key "\C-cb" 'org-iswitchb)

With this setup, all files with extension

.org

will be put into Org mode. As an alternative, make the first line of a file look like this:

   MY PROJECTS    -*- mode: org; -*-

{{{noindent}}} which will select Org mode for this buffer no matter what the file's name is. See also the variable org-insert-mode-line-in-empty-file.

Many commands in Org work on the region if the region is active. To make use of this, you need to have transient-mark-mode (zmacs-regions in XEmacs) turned on. In Emacs 23 this is the default, in Emacs 22 you need to do this yourself with

(transient-mark-mode 1)

u do not like transient-mark-mode, you can create an active region by using the mouse to select a region, or pressing

twice before moving the cursor.

Feedback

If you find problems with Org, or if you have questions, remarks, or ideas about it, please mail to the Org mailing list mailto:emacs-orgmode@gnu.org. If you are not a member of the mailing list, your mail will be passed to the list after a moderator has approved it.6

For bug reports, please first try to reproduce the bug with the latest version of Org available—if you are running an outdated version, it is quite possible that the bug has been fixed already. If the bug persists, prepare a report and provide as much information as possible, including the version information of Emacs (

{{{kbd(M-x org-version

}}) and Org (

{{{kbd(M-x org-version

), as well as the Org related setup in

.emacs

. The easiest way to do this is to use the command {{{kbd(M-x org-submit-bug-report)}}}, which will put all this information into an Emacs mail buffer so that you only need to add your description. If you are not sending the Email from within Emacs, please copy and paste the content into your Email program.

Sometimes you might face a problem due to an error in your Emacs or Org mode setup. Before reporting a bug, it is very helpful to start Emacs with minimal customizations and reproduce the problem. Doing so often helps you determine if the problem is with your customization or with Org mode itself. You can start a typical minimal session with a command like the example below.

$ emacs -Q -l /path/to/minimal-org.el

However if you are using Org mode distributed with Emacs, a minimal setup is not necessary. In that case it is sufficient to start Emacs as emacs -Q. The minimal-org.el setup file can have contents as shown below.

;;; Minimal setup to load latest `org-mode'

;; activate debugging
(setq debug-on-error t
      debug-on-signal nil
      debug-on-quit nil)

;; add latest org-mode to load path
(add-to-list 'load-path (expand-file-name "/path/to/org-mode/lisp"))
(add-to-list 'load-path (expand-file-name "/path/to/org-mode/contrib/lisp" t))

If an error occurs, a backtrace can be very useful (see [[How to create a useful backtrace]]). Often a small example file helps, along with clear information about:

  1. What exactly did you do?
  2. What did you expect to happen?
  3. What happened instead?

{{{noindent}}} Thank you for helping to improve this program.

How to create a useful backtrace

If working with Org produces an error with a message you don't understand, you may have hit a bug. The best way to report this is by providing, in addition to what was mentioned above, a backtrace. This is information from the built-in debugger about where and how the error occurred. Here is how to produce a useful backtrace:

  1. Reload uncompiled versions of all Org mode Lisp files. The backtrace contains much more information if it is produced with uncompiled code. To do this, use

    {{{kbd(C-u M-x org-reload

    or select Org -> Refresh/Reload -> Reload Org uncompiled from the menu.
  2. Go to the Options menu and select Enter Debugger on Error (XEmacs has this option in the Troubleshooting sub-menu).
  3. Do whatever you have to do to hit the error. Don't forget to document the steps you take.
  4. When you hit the error, a

    *Backtrace*

    buffer will appear on the screen. Save this buffer to a file (for example using

    C-x C-w

    ) and attach it to your bug report.

Conventions

Conventions for typesetting keywords, keybindings, and commands in this manual are described.

Three types of keywords

Org mainly uses three types of keywords: TODO keywords, tags and property names. In this manual we use the following conventions:

TODO, WAITING
TODO keywords are written with all capitals, even if they are user-defined.
boss, ARCHIVE
User-defined tags are written in lowercase; built-in tags with special meaning are written with all capitals.
Release, PRIORITY
User-defined properties are capitalized; built-in properties with special meaning are written with all capitals.

Moreover, Org uses option keywords (like #+TITLE to set the title) and environment keywords (like #+BEGIN_HTML to start a HTML environment). They are written in uppercase in the manual to enhance its readability, but you can use lowercase in your Org files.7

Keybindings and commands

The manual suggests two global keybindings:

C-c a

for org-agenda and

C-c c

for org-capture. These are only suggestions, but the rest of the manual assumes that you are using these keybindings.

Also, the manual lists both the keys and the corresponding commands for accessing a functionality. Org mode often uses the same key for different functions, depending on context. The command that is bound to such keys has a generic name, like org-metaright. In the manual we will, wherever possible, give the function that is internally called by the generic command. For example, in the chapter on document structure,

will be listed to call org-do-demote, while in the chapter on tables, it will be listed to call org-table-move-column-right.

Document structure

Org is based on Outline mode and provides flexible commands to edit the structure of the document.

Outlines

Org is implemented on top of Outline mode. Outlines allow a document to be organized in a hierarchical structure, which (at least for me) is the best representation of notes and thoughts. An overview of this structure is achieved by folding (hiding) large parts of the document to show only the general document structure and the parts currently being worked on. Org greatly simplifies the use of outlines by compressing the entire show/hide functionality into a single command, key.

Headlines

Headlines define the structure of an outline tree. The headlines in Org start with one or more stars, on the left margin.8 For example:

  * Top level headline
  ** Second level
  *** Third level
      some text
  *** Third level
      more text
  * Another top level headline

{{{noindent}}} Some people find the many stars too noisy and would prefer an outline that has whitespace followed by a single star as headline starters. A setup to realize this is described in the section, /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Clean%20view.

An empty line after the end of a subtree is considered part of it and will be hidden when the subtree is folded. However, if you leave at least two empty lines, one empty line will remain visible after folding the subtree, in order to structure the collapsed view. See the variable org-cycle-separator-lines to modify this behavior.

Visibility cycling

Outlines make it possible to hide parts of the text in the buffer. Org uses just two commands, bound to

TAB

and

to change the visibility in the buffer.

TAB

, org-cycle

Subtrees can be cycled through three states:

  ,-> FOLDED -> CHILDREN -> SUBTREE --.
  '-----------------------------------'

By default, the cursor must be on a headline for this to work, but this behavior can be modified with the org-cycle-emulate-tab option. When the cursor is at the beginning of the buffer and the first line is not a headline, then

TAB

actually runs global cycling (see below).9 Also, when called with a prefix argument (

{{{kbd(C-u

), global cycling is invoked.

, org-global-cycle

Global cycling: Rotate the entire buffer among the states

   ,-> OVERVIEW -> CONTENTS -> SHOW ALL --.
   '--------------------------------------'

When

is called with a numeric prefix argument, N, the CONTENTS view up to headlines of level N will be shown. Note that inside tables,

jumps to the previous field.

{{{kbd(C-u C-u C-u

, show-all

Show all, including drawers.

C-c C-r

, org-reveal

Reveal context around point, showing the current entry, the following heading and the hierarchy above. Useful for working near a location that has been exposed by a sparse tree command (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Sparse%20trees) or an agenda command (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Agenda%20commands). With a prefix argument show, on each level, all sibling headings. With a double prefix argument, also show the entire subtree of the parent.

C-c C-k

, show-branches

Expose all the headings of the subtree, CONTENT view for just one subtree.

{{{kbd(C-c

, show-children

Expose all direct children of the subtree. With a numeric prefix argument, N, expose all children down to level N.

C-c C-x b

, org-tree-to-indirect-buffer

Show the current subtree in an indirect buffer.10 With a numeric prefix argument, N, go up to level N and then take that tree. If N is negative then go up that many levels. With a

C-u

prefix, do not remove the previously used indirect buffer.

C-c C-x v

, org-copy-visible
Copy the visible text in the region into the kill ring.

When Emacs first visits an Org file, the global state is set to OVERVIEW, i.e., only the top level headlines are visible. This can be configured through the variable org-startup-folded, or on a per-file basis by adding one of the following lines anywhere in the buffer:

  #+STARTUP: overview
  #+STARTUP: content
  #+STARTUP: showall
  #+STARTUP: showeverything

property (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Properties%20and%20columns) will get their visibility adapted accordingly. Allowed values for this property are folded, children, content, and all.

{{{kbd(C-u C-u

, org-set-startup-visibility
Switch back to the startup visibility of the buffer, i.e., whatever is requested by startup options and

VISIBILITY

properties in individual entries.

Motion

The following commands jump to other headlines in the buffer.

C-c C-n

, outline-next-visible-heading

Next heading.

C-c C-p

, outline-previous-visible-heading

Previous heading.

C-c C-f

, org-forward-same-level

Next heading same level.

C-c C-b

, org-backward-same-level

Previous heading same level.

C-c C-u

, outline-up-heading

Backward to higher level heading.

C-c C-j

, org-goto

Jump to a different place without changing the current outline visibility. Shows the document structure in a temporary buffer, where you can use the following keys to find your destination:

TAB

Cycle visibility.
Next/previous visible headline.

RET

Select this location.

/

Do a Sparse-tree search The following keys work if you turn off org-goto-auto-isearch

n / p
Next/previous visible headline.
f / b
Next/previous headline same level.
u
One level up.
0–9
Digit argument.
q
Quit.

{{{noindent}}} See also the variable org-goto-interface.

Structure editing

, org-insert-heading

Insert new heading with same level as current. If the cursor is in a plain list item, a new item is created (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Plain%20lists). To force creation of a new headline, use a prefix argument. When this command is used in the middle of a line, the line is split and the rest of the line becomes the new headline.11 If the command is used at the beginning of a headline, the new headline is created before the current line. If at the beginning of any other line, the content of that line is made the new heading. If the command is used at the end of a folded subtree (i.e., behind the ellipses at the end of a headline), then a headline like the current one will be inserted after the end of the subtree.

, org-insert-heading-respect-content

Just like

, except when adding a new heading below the current heading, the new heading is placed after the body instead of before it. This command works from anywhere in the entry.

, org-insert-todo-heading

Insert new TODO entry with same level as current heading. See also the variable org-treat-insert-todo-heading-as-state-change.

, org-insert-todo-heading-respect-content

Insert new TODO entry with same level as current heading. Like

, the new headline will be inserted after the current subtree.

TAB

, org-cycle

In a new entry with no text yet, the first

TAB

demotes the entry to become a child of the previous one. The next

TAB

makes it a parent, and so on, all the way to top level. Yet another

TAB

, and you are back to the initial level.

, org-do-promote

Promote current heading by one level.

, org-do-demote

Demote current heading by one level.

, org-promote-subtree

Promote the current subtree by one level.

, org-demote-subtree

Demote the current subtree by one level.

, org-move-subtree-up

Move subtree up (swap with previous subtree of same level).

, org-move-subtree-down

Move subtree down (swap with next subtree of same level).

C-c C-x C-w

, org-cut-subtree

Kill subtree, i.e., remove it from buffer but save in kill ring. With a numeric prefix argument N, kill N sequential subtrees.

C-c C-x M-w

, org-copy-subtree

Copy subtree to kill ring. With a numeric prefix argument N, copy the N sequential subtrees.

C-c C-x C-y

, org-paste-subtree

Yank subtree from kill ring. This does modify the level of the subtree to make sure the tree fits in nicely at the yank position. The yank level can also be specified with a numeric prefix argument, or by yanking after a headline marker like

****

.

C-y

, org-yank

Depending on the variables org-yank-adjusted-subtrees and org-yank-folded-subtrees, Org's internal yank command will paste subtrees folded and in a clever way, using the same command as

C-c C-x C-y

. With the default settings, no level adjustment will take place, but the yanked tree will be folded unless doing so would swallow text previously visible. Any prefix argument to this command will force a normal yank to be executed, with the prefix passed along. A good way to force a normal yank is

C-u C-y

. If you use yank-pop after a yank, it will yank previous kill items plainly, without adjustment and folding.

C-c C-x c

, org-clone-subtree-with-time-shift

Clone a subtree by making a number of sibling copies of it. You will be prompted for the number of copies to make, and you can also specify if any timestamps in the entry should be shifted. This can be useful, for example, to create a number of tasks related to a series of lectures to prepare. For more details, see the docstring of the command org-clone-subtree-with-time-shift.

C-c C-w

, org-refile

Refile entry or region to a different location. See /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Refile%20and%20copy.

C-c ^

, org-sort

Sort same-level entries. When there is an active region, all entries in the region will be sorted. Otherwise the children of the current headline are sorted. The command prompts for the sorting method, which can be alphabetically, numerically, by time (first timestamp with active preferred, creation time, scheduled time, deadline time), by priority, by TODO keyword (in the sequence the keywords have been defined in the setup) or by the value of a property. Reverse sorting is possible as well. You can also supply your own function to extract the sorting key. With a

C-u

prefix, sorting will be case-sensitive.

C-x n s

, org-narrow-to-subtree

Narrow buffer to current subtree.

C-x n b

, org-narrow-to-block

Narrow buffer to current block.

C-x n w

, widen

Widen buffer to remove narrowing.

C-c *

, org-toggle-heading

Turn a normal line or plain list item into a headline (so that it becomes a subheading at its location). Also turn a headline into a normal line by removing the stars. If there is an active region, turn all lines in the region into headlines. If the first line in the region was an item, turn only the item lines into headlines. Finally, if the first line is a headline, remove the stars from all headlines in the region.

When there is an active region (Transient Mark mode), promotion and demotion work on all headlines in the region. To select a region of headlines, it is best to place both point and mark at the beginning of a line, mark at the beginning of the first headline, and point at the line just after the last headline to change. Note that when the cursor is inside a table (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Tables), the Meta-Cursor keys have different functionality.

Sparse trees

An important feature of Org mode is the ability to construct sparse trees for selected information in an outline tree, so that the entire document is folded as much as possible, but the selected information is made visible along with the headline structure above it.12 Just try it out and you will see immediately how it works.

Org mode contains several commands creating such trees, all these commands can be accessed through a dispatcher:

C-c /

, org-sparse-tree

This prompts for an extra key to select a sparse-tree creating command.

C-c / r

, org-occur

Prompts for a regexp and shows a sparse tree with all matches. If the match is in a headline, the headline is made visible. If the match is in the body of an entry, headline and body are made visible. In order to provide minimal context, also the full hierarchy of headlines above the match is shown, as well as the headline following the match. Each match is also highlighted; the highlights disappear when the buffer is changed by an editing command, or by pressing prefix argument, previous highlights are kept, so several calls to this command can be stacked.

M-g n

, next-error

M-g M-n

Jump to the next sparse tree match in this buffer.

M-g p

, previous-error

M-g M-p

Jump to the previous sparse tree match in this buffer.

{{{noindent}}} For frequently used sparse trees of specific search strings, you can use the variable org-agenda-custom-commands to define fast keyboard access to specific sparse trees. These commands will then be accessible through the agenda dispatcher (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Agenda%20dispatcher). For example:

  (setq org-agenda-custom-commands
        '(("f" occur-tree "FIXME")))

as a shortcut for creating a sparse tree matching the string

FIXME

.

The other sparse tree commands select headings based on TODO keywords, tags, or properties and will be discussed later in this manual.

To print a sparse tree, you can use the Emacs command ps-print-buffer-with-faces which does not print invisible parts of the document.13 Or you can use the command

C-c C-e v

to export only the visible part of the document and print the resulting file.

Plain lists

Within an entry of the outline tree, hand-formatted lists can provide additional structure. They also provide a way to create lists of checkboxes (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Checkboxes). Org supports editing such lists, and every exporter (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Exporting) can parse and format them.

Org knows ordered lists, unordered lists, and description lists.

  • Unordered list items start with -, +, or * as bullets.14

  • Ordered list items start with a numeral followed by either a period or a right parenthesis,15 such as 1. or 1.16 If you want a list to start with a different value (e.g., 20), start the text of the item with [@20].17 Those constructs can be used in any item of the list in order to enforce a particular numbering.

  • Description list items are unordered list items, and contain the separator

    ::

    to distinguish the description term from the description.

Items belonging to the same list must have the same indentation on the first line. In particular, if an ordered list reaches number

10.

, then the 2–digit numbers must be written left-aligned with the other numbers in the list. An item ends before the next line that is less or equally indented than its bullet/number.

A list ends whenever every item has ended, which means before any line less or equally indented than items at top level. It also ends before two blank lines.18 In that case, all items are closed. Here is an example:

  ,** Lord of the Rings                                
     My favorite scenes are (in this order)
     1. The attack of the Rohirrim
     2. Eowyn's fight with the witch king
        + this was already my favorite scene in the book
        + I really like Miranda Otto.
     3. Peter Jackson being shot by Legolas
        - on DVD only
        He makes a really funny face when it happens.
     But in the end, no individual scenes matter but the film as a whole.
     Important actors in this film are:
     - @b{Elijah Wood} :: He plays Frodo
     - @b{Sean Austin} :: He plays Sam, Frodo's friend.  I still remember
       him very well from his role as Mikey Walsh in @i{The Goonies}.

Org supports these lists by tuning filling and wrapping commands to deal with them correctly.19 To turn this on, put into

.emacs

: (require 'filladapt)}, and by exporting them properly (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Exporting). Since indentation is what governs the structure of these lists, many structural constructs like #+BEGIN_ ... blocks can be indented to signal that they belong to a particular item.

If you find that using a different bullet for a sub-list (than that used for the current list-level) improves readability, customize the variable org-list-demote-modify-bullet. To get a greater difference of indentation between items and theirs sub-items, customize org-list-indent-offset.

The following commands act on items when the cursor is in the first line of an item (the line with the bullet or number). Some of them imply the application of automatic rules to keep list structure intact. If some of these actions get in your way, configure org-list-automatic-rules to disable them individually.

TAB

, org-cycle

Items can be folded just like headline levels. Normally this works only if the cursor is on a plain list item. For more details, see the variable org-cycle-include-plain-lists. If this variable is set to integrate, plain list items will be treated like low-level headlines. The level of an item is then given by the indentation of the bullet/number. Items are always subordinate to real headlines, however; the hierarchies remain completely separated. In a new item with no text yet, the first

TAB

demotes the item to become a child of the previous one. Subsequent

TAB

s move the item to meaningful levels in the list and eventually get it back to its initial position.

, org-insert-heading

Insert new item at current level. With a prefix argument, force a new heading (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Structure%20editing). If this command is used in the middle of an item, that item is split in two, and the second part becomes the new item.20 If this command is executed before item's body, the new item is created before the current one.

Insert a new item with a checkbox (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Checkboxes).

Jump to the previous/next item in the current list, but only if org-support-shift-select is off.21 If not, you can still use paragraph jumping commands like

and

to quite similar effect.

Move the item including subitems up/down (swap with previous/next item of same indentation).22 If the list is ordered, renumbering is automatic.

Decrease/increase the indentation of an item, leaving children alone.

Decrease/increase the indentation of the item, including subitems. Initially, the item tree is selected based on current indentation. When these commands are executed several times in direct succession, the initially selected region is used, even if the new indentation would imply a different hierarchy. To use the new hierarchy, break the command chain with a cursor motion or so.

As a special case, using this command on the very first item of a list will move the whole list. This behavior can be disabled by configuring org-list-automatic-rules. The global indentation of a list has no influence on the text after the list.

C-c C-c

If there is a checkbox (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Checkboxes) in the item line, toggle the state of the checkbox. In any case, verify bullets and indentation consistency in the whole list.

C-c -

Cycle the entire list level through the different itemize/enumerate bullets (

-

, ) or a subset of them, depending on org-plain-list-ordered-item-terminator, the type of list, and its indentation. With a numeric prefix argument N, select the Nth bullet from this list. If there is an active region when calling this, selected text will be changed into an item. With a prefix argument, all lines will be converted to list items. If the first line already was a list item, any item marker will be removed from the list. Finally, even without an active region, a normal line will be converted into a list item.

C-c *

Turn a plain list item into a headline (so that it becomes a subheading at its location). See /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Structure%20editing, for a detailed explanation.

C-c C-*

Turn the whole plain list into a subtree of the current heading. Checkboxes (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Checkboxes) will become TODO (resp. DONE) keywords when unchecked (resp. checked).

S-left/right

This command also cycles bullet styles when the cursor in on the bullet or anywhere in an item line, details depending on org-support-shift-select.

C-c ^

Sort the plain list. You will be prompted for the sorting method: numerically, alphabetically, by time, or by custom function.

Drawers

Sometimes you want to keep information associated with an entry, but you normally don't want to see it. For this, Org mode has drawers. Drawers need to be configured with the variable org-drawers.23 Drawers look like this:

  ** This is a headline
     Still outside the drawer
     :DRAWERNAME:
     This is inside the drawer.
     :END:
     After the drawer.

You can interactively insert drawers at point by calling org-insert-drawer, which is bound to

C-c C-x d

. With an active region, this command will put the region inside the drawer. With a prefix argument, this command calls org-insert-property-drawer and add a property drawer right below the current headline. Completion over drawer keywords is also possible using

M-TAB

.

Visibility cycling (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Visibility%20cycling) on the headline will hide and show the entry, but keep the drawer collapsed to a single line. In order to look inside the drawer, you need to move the cursor to the drawer line and press

TAB

there. Org mode uses the PROPERTIES drawer for storing properties (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Properties%20and%20columns), and you can also arrange for state change notes (see [[Tracking TODO state changes]) and clock times (see [[Clocking work time]) to be stored in a drawer LOGBOOK. If you want to store a quick note in the LOGBOOK drawer, in a similar way to state changes, use

C-c C-z

Add a time-stamped note to the LOGBOOK drawer.

Blocks

Org mode uses begin … end blocks for various purposes from including source code examples (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Literal%20examples) to capturing time logging information (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Clocking%20work%20time). These blocks can be folded and unfolded by pressing TAB in the begin line. You can also get all blocks folded at startup by configuring the variable org-hide-block-startup or on a per-file basis by using

  #+STARTUP: hideblocks
  #+STARTUP: nohideblocks

Creating footnotes

Org mode supports the creation of footnotes. In contrast to the

footnote.el

package, Org mode's footnotes are designed for work on a larger document, not only for one-off documents like emails. The basic syntax is similar to the one used by

footnote.el

, i.e., a footnote is defined in a paragraph that is started by a footnote marker in square brackets in column 0, no indentation allowed. If you need a paragraph break inside a footnote, use the LaTeX idiom \par. The footnote reference is simply the marker in square brackets, inside text. For example:

   The Org homepage[fn:1] now looks a lot better than it used to.
   ...
   [fn:1] The link is: http://orgmode.org

Org mode extends the number-based syntax to named footnotes and optional inline definition. Using plain numbers as markers (as

footnote.el

does) is supported for backward compatibility, but not encouraged because of possible conflicts with LaTeX snippets (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Embedded%20LaTeX). Here are the valid references:

[1]
A plain numeric footnote marker. Compatible with

footnote.el

, but not recommended because something like [1] could easily be part of a code snippet.
[fn:name]
A named footnote reference, where name is a unique label word, or, for simplicity of automatic creation, a number.
[fn:: This is the inline definition of this footnote]
A LaTeX-like anonymous footnote where the definition is given directly at the reference point.
[fn:name: a definition]
An inline definition of a footnote, which also specifies a name for the note. Since Org allows multiple references to the same note, you can then use [fn:name] to create additional references.

Footnote labels can be created automatically, or you can create names yourself. This is handled by the variable org-footnote-auto-label and its corresponding #+STARTUP keywords. See the docstring of that variable for details.

{{{noindent}}} The following command handles footnotes:

C-c C-x f

The footnote action command.

When the cursor is on a footnote reference, jump to the definition. When it is at a definition, jump to the (first) reference.

Otherwise, create a new footnote. Depending on the variable org-footnote-define-inline, the definition will be placed right into the text as part of the reference, or separately into the location determined by the variable org-footnote-section.24

When this command is called with a prefix argument, a menu of additional options is offered:

s

Sort the footnote definitions by reference sequence. During editing, Org makes no effort to sort footnote definitions into a particular sequence. If you want them sorted, use this command, which will also move entries according to org-footnote-section. Automatic sorting after each insertion/deletion can be configured using the variable org-footnote-auto-adjust.

r

Renumber the simple fn:N footnotes. Automatic renumbering after each insertion/deletion can be configured using the variable org-footnote-auto-adjust.

S

Short for first r, then s action.

n

Normalize the footnotes by collecting all definitions (including inline definitions) into a special section, and then numbering them in sequence. The references will then also be numbers. This is meant to be the final step before finishing a document (e.g., sending off an email). The exporters do this automatically, and so could something like message-send-hook.

d

Delete the footnote at point, and all definitions of and references to it.

Depending on the variable org-footnote-auto-adjust, renumbering and sorting footnotes can be automatic after each insertion or deletion.25

C-c C-c

If the cursor is on a footnote reference, jump to the definition. If it is a the definition, jump back to the reference. When called at a footnote location with a prefix argument, offer the same menu as

C-c C-x f

.

Footnote labels are also links to the corresponding definition/reference, and you can use the usual commands to follow these links.

Orgstruct mode

If you like the intuitive way the Org mode structure editing and list formatting works, you might want to use these commands in other modes like Text mode or Mail mode as well. The minor mode orgstruct-mode makes this possible. Toggle the mode with

M-x orgstruct-mode

, or turn it on by default, for example in Message mode, with one of:

  (add-hook 'message-mode-hook 'turn-on-orgstruct)
  (add-hook 'message-mode-hook 'turn-on-orgstruct++)

When this mode is active and the cursor is on a line that looks to Org like a headline or the first line of a list item, most structure editing commands will work, even if the same keys normally have different functionality in the major mode you are using. If the cursor is not in one of those special lines, Orgstruct mode lurks silently in the shadows. When you use orgstruct++-mode, Org will also export indentation and autofill settings into that mode, and detect item context after the first line of an item.

Tables

Org comes with a fast and intuitive table editor. Spreadsheet-like calculations are supported using the Emacs

calc

package (info:calc).

Built-in table editor

Org makes it easy to format tables in plain ASCII. Any line with

|

as the first non-whitespace character is considered part of a table.

|

is also the column separator.26 A table might look like this:

  | Name  | Phone | Age |
  |-------+-------+-----|
  | Peter |  1234 |  17 |
  | Anna  |  4321 |  25 |

A table is re-aligned automatically each time you press

TAB

or inside the table. to the next row) and creates new table rows at the end of the table or before horizontal lines. The indentation of the table is set by the first line. Any line starting with

|-

is considered as a horizontal separator line and will be expanded on the next re-align to span the whole table width. So, to create the above table, you would only type

  |Name|Phone|Age|
  |-

to align the table and start filling in fields. Even faster would be to type |Name|Phone|Age followed by

{{{kbd(C-c

.

When typing text into a field, Org treats

DEL

,

Backspace

, and all character keys in a special way, so that inserting and deleting avoids shifting other fields. Also, when typing immediately after the cursor was moved into a new field with , the field is automatically made blank. If this behavior is too unpredictable for you, configure the variables org-enable-table-editor and org-table-auto-blank-field.

Creation and conversion

C-c |

, org-table-create-or-convert-from-region

Convert the active region to table. If every line contains at least one

TAB

character, the function assumes that the material is tab separated. If every line contains a comma, comma-separated values (CSV) are assumed. If not, lines are split at whitespace into fields. You can use a prefix argument to force a specific separator: forces

TAB

, and a numeric argument N indicates that at least N consecutive spaces, or alternatively a

TAB

will be the separator. If there is no active region, this command creates an empty Org table. But it is easier just to start typing, like

{{{kbd(|Name|Phone|Age

{{{kbdkey(|- ,TAB)}}}.

Re-aligning and field motion

C-c C-c

, org-table-align

Re-align the table without moving the cursor.

<TAB>

, org-table-next-field

Re-align the table, move to the next field. Creates a new row if necessary.

, org-table-previous-field

Re-align, move to previous field.

RET

, org-table-next-row

Re-align the table and move down to next row. Creates a new row if necessary. At the beginning or end of a line,

RET

still does NEWLINE, so it can be used to split a table.

M-a

, org-table-beginning-of-field

Move to beginning of the current table field, or on to the previous field.

M-e

, org-table-end-of-field

Move to end of the current table field, or on to the next field.

Column and row editing

, org-table-move-column-left

Move the current column left.

, org-table-move-column-right

Move the current column right.

, org-table-delete-column

Kill the current column.

, org-table-insert-column

Insert a new column to the left of the cursor position.

, org-table-move-row-up

Move the current row up.

, org-table-move-row-down

Move the current row down.

, org-table-kill-row

Kill the current row or horizontal line.

, org-table-insert-row

Insert a new row above the current row. With a prefix argument, the line is created below the current one.

C-c -

, org-table-insert-hline

Insert a horizontal line below current row. With a prefix argument, the line is created above the current line.

{{{kbd(C-c

, org-table-hline-and-move

Insert a horizontal line below current row, and move the cursor into the row below that line.

C-c ^

, org-table-sort-lines

Sort the table lines in the region. The position of point indicates the column to be used for sorting, and the range of lines is the range between the nearest horizontal separator lines, or the entire table. If point is before the first column, you will be prompted for the sorting column. If there is an active region, the mark specifies the first line and the sorting column, while point should be in the last line to be included into the sorting. The command prompts for the sorting type (alphabetically, numerically, or by time). When called with a prefix argument, alphabetic sorting will be case-sensitive.

Regions

C-c C-x M-w

, org-table-copy-region

Copy a rectangular region from a table to a special clipboard. Point and mark determine edge fields of the rectangle. If there is no active region, copy just the current field. The process ignores horizontal separator lines.

C-c C-x C-w

, org-table-cut-region

Copy a rectangular region from a table to a special clipboard, and blank all fields in the rectangle. So this is the ``cut'' operation.

C-c C-x C-y

, org-table-paste-rectangle

Paste a rectangular region into a table. The upper left corner ends up in the current field. All involved fields will be overwritten. If the rectangle does not fit into the present table, the table is enlarged as needed. The process ignores horizontal separator lines.

, org-table-wrap-region

Split the current field at the cursor position and move the rest to the line below. If there is an active region, and both point and mark are in the same column, the text in the column is wrapped to minimum width for the given number of lines. A numeric prefix argument may be used to change the number of desired lines. If there is no region, but you specify a prefix argument, the current field is made blank, and the content is appended to the field above.

Calculations

C-c +

, org-table-sum

Sum the numbers in the current column, or in the rectangle defined by the active region. The result is shown in the echo area and can be inserted with

C-y

.

, org-table-copy-down

When current field is empty, copy from first non-empty field above. When not empty, copy current field down to next row and move cursor along with it. Depending on the variable org-table-copy-increment, integer field values will be incremented during copy. Integers that are too large will not be incremented. Also, a 0 prefix argument temporarily disables the increment. This key is also used by shift-selection and related modes (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Conflicts).

Misc

C-c `

, org-table-edit-field

Edit the current field in a separate window. This is useful for fields that are not fully visible (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Column%20width%20and%20alignment). When called with a

C-u

prefix, just make the full field visible, so that it can be edited in place. When called with two

C-u

prefixes, make the editor window follow the cursor through the table and always show the current field. The follow mode exits automatically when the cursor leaves the table, or when you repeat this command with

C-u C-u C-c `

.

M-x org-table-import

Import a file as a table. The table should be TAB or whitespace separated. Use, for example, to import a spreadsheet table or data from a database, because these programs generally can write TAB-separated text files. This command works by inserting the file into the buffer and then converting the region to a table. Any prefix argument is passed on to the converter, which uses it to determine the separator.

C-c |

, org-table-create-or-convert-from-region

Tables can also be imported by pasting tabular text into the Org buffer, selecting the pasted text with

C-x C-x

and then using the

C-c |

command (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Creation%20and%20conversion).

M-x org-table-export

Export the table, by default as a TAB-separated file. Use for data exchange with, for example, spreadsheet or database programs. The format used to export the file can be configured in the variable org-table-export-default-format. You may also use properties TABLE_EXPORT_FILE and TABLE_EXPORT_FORMAT to specify the file name and the format for table export in a subtree. Org supports quite general formats for exported tables. The exporter format is the same as the format used by Orgtbl radio tables, see [[Translator functions], for a detailed description.

If you don't like the automatic table editor because it gets in your way on lines which you would like to start with

|

, you can turn it off with

(setq org-enable-table-editor nil)

C-c C-c

n the only table command that still works is

C-c C-c

to do a manual re-align.

Column width and alignment

The width of columns is automatically determined by the table editor. And also the alignment of a column is determined automatically from the fraction of number-like versus non-number fields in the column.

Sometimes a single field or a few fields need to carry more text, leading to inconveniently wide columns. Or maybe you want to make a table with several columns having a fixed width, regardless of content. To set the width of a column, one field anywhere in the column may contain just the string <N> where N is an integer specifying the width of the column in characters.27 The next re-align will then set the width of this column to this value.

   |---+------------------------------|               |---+--------|
   |   |                              |               |   | <6>    |
   | 1 | one                          |               | 1 | one    |
   | 2 | two                          |     ----\     | 2 | two    |
   | 3 | This is a long chunk of text |     ----/     | 3 | This=> |
   | 4 | four                         |               | 4 | four   |
   |---+------------------------------|               |---+--------|

=>

Fields that are wider become clipped and end in the string

=>

. Note that the full text is still in the buffer but is hidden. To see the full text, hold the mouse over the field—a tool-tip window will show the full content. To edit such a field, use the command followed by the backquote). This will open a new window with the full field. Edit it and finish with

C-c C-c

.

When visiting a file containing a table with narrowed columns, the necessary character hiding has not yet happened, and the table needs to be aligned before it looks nice. Setting the option org-startup-align-all-tables will realign all tables in a file upon visiting, but also slow down startup. You can also set this option on a per-file basis with:

  #+STARTUP: align
  #+STARTUP: noalign

If you would like to overrule the automatic alignment of number-rich columns to the right and of string-rich columns to the left, you can use <r>, <c> or <l> in a similar fashion.28 You may also combine alignment and field width like this: <l10>.

A line that only contains these formatting cookies will be removed automatically when exporting the document.

Column groups

When Org exports tables, it does so by default without vertical lines because that is visually more satisfying in general. Occasionally however, vertical lines can be useful to structure a table into groups of columns, much like horizontal lines can do for groups of rows. In order to specify column groups, you can use a special row where the first field contains only

/

. The further fields can either contain < to indicate that this column should start a group, > to indicate the end of a column, or <> (no space between < and >) to make a column a group of its own. Boundaries between column groups will upon export be marked with vertical lines. Here is an example:

  | N | N^2 | N^3 | N^4 | sqrt(n) | sqrt[4](N) |
  |---+-----+-----+-----+---------+------------|
  | / |   < |     |   > |       < |          > |
  | 1 |   1 |   1 |   1 |       1 |          1 |
  | 2 |   4 |   8 |  16 |  1.4142 |     1.1892 |
  | 3 |   9 |  27 |  81 |  1.7321 |     1.3161 |
  |---+-----+-----+-----+---------+------------|
  #+TBLFM: $2=$1^2::$3=$1^3::$4=$1^4::$5=sqrt($1)::$6=sqrt(sqrt(($1)))

It is also sufficient to just insert the column group starters after every vertical line you would like to have:

  |  N | N^2 | N^3 | N^4 | sqrt(n) | sqrt[4](N) |
  |----+-----+-----+-----+---------+------------|
  | /  | <   |     |     | <       |            |

The Orgtbl mode minor mode

If you like the intuitive way the Org table editor works, you might also want to use it in other modes like Text mode or Mail mode. The minor mode Orgtbl mode makes this possible. You can always toggle the mode with

M-x orgtbl-mode

. To turn it on by default, for example in Message mode, use

(add-hook 'message-mode-hook 'turn-on-orgtbl)

Furthermore, with some special setup, it is possible to maintain tables in arbitrary syntax with Orgtbl mode. For example, it is possible to construct LaTeX tables with the underlying ease and power of Orgtbl mode, including spreadsheet capabilities. For details, see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Tables%20in%20arbitrary%20syntax.

The spreadsheet

The table editor makes use of the Emacs

calc

package to implement spreadsheet-like capabilities. It can also evaluate Emacs Lisp forms to derive fields from other fields. While fully featured, Org's implementation is not identical to other spreadsheets. For example, Org knows the concept of a column formula that will be applied to all non-header fields in a column without having to copy the formula to each relevant field. There is also a formula debugger, and a formula editor with features for highlighting fields in the table corresponding to the references at the point in the formula, moving these references by arrow keys

References

To compute fields in the table from other fields, formulas must reference other fields or ranges. In Org, fields can be referenced by name, by absolute coordinates, and by relative coordinates. To find out what the coordinates of a field are, press

C-c ?

in that field, or press

C-c }

to toggle the display of a grid.

Field references

Formulas can reference the value of another field in two ways. Like in any other spreadsheet, you may reference fields with a letter/number combination like B3, meaning the 2nd field in the 3rd row.

However, Org prefers to use another, more general representation that looks like this:29

   @ROW$COLUMN

Column specifications can be absolute like $1, $2, …, $N, or relative to the current column (i.e., the column of the field which is being computed) like $+1 or $-2. $< and $> are immutable references to the first and last column, respectively, and you can use $>>> to indicate the third column from the right.

The row specification only counts data lines and ignores horizontal separator lines (hlines). Like with columns, you can use absolute row numbers @1, @2, …, @N, and row numbers relative to the current row like @+3 or @-1. @< and @> are immutable references the first and last row in the table, respectively.30 You may also specify the row relative to one of the hlines: @I refers to the first hline, @II to the second, etc. @-I refers to the first such line above the current line, @+I to the first such line below the current line. You can also write @III+2 which is the second data line after the third hline in the table.

@0 and $0 refer to the current row and column, respectively, i.e., to the row/column for the field being computed. Also, if you omit either the column or the row part of the reference, the current row/column is implied.

Org's references with unsigned numbers are fixed references in the sense that if you use the same reference in the formula for two different fields, the same field will be referenced each time. Org's references with signed numbers are floating references because the same reference operator can reference different fields depending on the field being calculated by the formula.

Here are a few examples:

@2$3
2nd row, 3rd column (same as C2)
$5
column 5 in the current row (same as E&)
@2
current column, row 2
@-1$-3
the field one row up, three columns to the left
@-I$2
field just under hline above current row, column 2
@>$5
field in the last row, in column 5
Range references

You may reference a rectangular range of fields by specifying two field references connected by two dots ... If both fields are in the current row, you may simply use $2..$7, but if at least one field is in a different row, you need to use the general @row$column format at least for the first field (i.e., the reference must start with @ in order to be interpreted correctly). Examples:

$1..$3
first three fields in the current row
$P..$Q
range, using column names (see under Advanced)
$<<<..$>>
start in third column, continue to the one but last
@2$1..@4$3
six fields between these two fields (same as A2..C4)
@-1$-2..@-1
three numbers from the column to the left, 2 up to current row
@I..II
between first and second hline, short for @I..@II

{{{noindent}}} Range references return a vector of values that can be fed into Calc vector functions. Empty fields in ranges are normally suppressed, so that the vector contains only the non-empty fields (but see the E mode switch below). If there are no non-empty fields, [0] is returned to avoid syntax errors in formulas.

Field coordinates in formulas

For Calc formulas and Lisp formulas @# and $# can be used to get the row or column number of the field where the formula result goes. The traditional Lisp formula equivalents are org-table-current-dline and org-table-current-column. Examples:

if(@# % 2, $#, string(""))
column number on odd lines only
$3 = remote(FOO, @#$2)
copy column 2 from table FOO into column 3 of the current table

{{{noindent}}} For the second example, table FOO must have at least as many rows as the current table. Note that this is inefficient for large number of rows.31

Named references

$name

is interpreted as the name of a column, parameter or constant. Constants are defined globally through the variable org-table-formula-constants, and locally (for the file) through a line like this example:

  #+CONSTANTS: c=299792458. pi=3.14 eps=2.4e-6

{{{noindent}}}

Also, properties (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Properties%20and%20columns) can be used as constants in table formulas: for a property :Xyz: use the name $PROP_Xyz, and the property will be searched in the current outline entry and in the hierarchy above it. If you have the

constants.el

package, it will also be used to resolve constants, including natural constants like $h for Planck's constant, and units like $km for kilometers. Column names and parameters can be specified in special table lines. These are described in the section, /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Advanced%20features. All names must start with a letter, and further consist of letters and numbers.32

Remote references

You may also reference constants, fields and ranges from a different table, either in the current file or even in a different file. The syntax is

   remote(NAME-OR-ID,REF)

{{{noindent}}} where NAME can be the name of a table in the current file as set by a #+TBLNAME: NAME line before the table. It can also be the ID of an entry, even in a different file, and the reference then refers to the first table in that entry. REF is an absolute field or range reference as described above for example @3$3 or $somename, valid in the referenced table.

Formula syntax for Calc

A formula can be any algebraic expression understood by the Emacs

Calc

package.33 Before evaluation by calc-eval (see Calling Calc from Your Lisp Programs), variable substitution takes place according to the rules described above.

The range vectors can be directly fed into the Calc vector functions like vmean and vsum.

A formula can contain an optional mode string after a semicolon. This string consists of flags to influence Calc and other modes during execution. By default, Org uses the standard Calc modes (precision 12, angular units degrees, fraction and symbolic modes off). The display format, however, has been changed to (float 8) to keep tables compact. The default settings can be configured using the variable org-calc-default-modes.

p20
set the internal Calc calculation precision to 20 digits
n3 s3 e2 f4
normal, scientific, engineering, or fixed format of the result of Calc passed back to Org. Calc formatting is unlimited in precision as long as the Calc calculation precision is greater.
D R
angle modes: degrees, radians
F S
fraction and symbolic modes
N
interpret all fields as numbers, use 0 for non-numbers
E
keep empty fields in ranges
L
literal

{{{noindent}}} Unless you use large integer numbers or high-precision-calculation and -display for floating point numbers you may alternatively provide a printf format specifier to reformat the Calc result after it has been passed back to Org instead of letting Calc already do the formatting.34 A few examples:

$1+$2
Sum of first and second field
$1+$2;%.2f
Same, format result to two decimals
exp($2)+exp($1)
Math functions can be used
$0;%.1f
Reformat current cell to 1 decimal
($3-32)*5/9
Degrees F -> C conversion
$c/$1/$cm
Hz -> cm conversion, using

constants.el

tan($1);Dp3s1
Compute in degrees, precision 3, display SCI 1
sin($1);Dp3%.1e
Same, but use printf specifier for display
vmean($2..$7)
Compute column range mean, using vector function
vmean($2..$7);EN
Same, but treat empty fields as 0
taylor($3,x=7,2)
Taylor series of $3, at x=7, second degree

Calc also contains a complete set of logical operations. For example

if($1<20,teen,string(""))
"teen" if age $1 less than 20, else empty

Note that you can also use two org-specific flags T and t for durations computations /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Duration%20and%20time%20values.

You can add your own Calc functions defined in Emacs Lisp with defmath and use them in formula syntax for Calc.

Emacs Lisp forms as formulas

It is also possible to write a formula in Emacs Lisp. This can be useful for string manipulation and control structures, if Calc's functionality is not enough.

If a formula starts with a single-quote followed by an opening parenthesis, then it is evaluated as a Lisp form. The evaluation should return either a string or a number. Just as with

calc

formulas, you can specify modes and a printf format after a semicolon.

With Emacs Lisp forms, you need to be conscious about the way field references are interpolated into the form. By default, a reference will be interpolated as a Lisp string (in double-quotes) containing the field. If you provide the

N

mode switch, all referenced elements will be numbers (non-number fields will be zero) and interpolated as Lisp numbers, without quotes. If you provide the

L

flag, all fields will be interpolated literally, without quotes. I.e., if you want a reference to be interpreted as a string by the Lisp form, enclose the reference operator itself in double-quotes, like "$3". Ranges are inserted as space-separated fields, so you can embed them in list or vector syntax.

Here are a few examples—note how the

N

mode is used when we do computations in Lisp.

Swap the first two characters of the content of column 1:

  '(concat (substring $1 1 2) (substring $1 0 1) (substring $1 2))

Add columns 1 and 2, equivalent to Calc's $1+$2:

  '(+ $1 $2);N

Compute the sum of columns 1-4, like Calc's vsum($1..$4)}:

  '(apply '+ '($1..$4));N

Duration and time values

If you want to compute time values use the T flag, either in Calc formulas or Elisp formulas:

   |  Task 1 |   Task 2 |    Total |
   |---------+----------+----------|
   |    2:12 |     1:47 | 03:59:00 |
   | 3:02:20 | -2:07:00 |     0.92 |
   #+TBLFM: @2$3=$1+$2;T::@3$3=$1+$2;t

Input duration values must be of the form [HH:MM[:SS], where seconds are optional. With the T flag, computed durations will be displayed as HH:MM:SS (see the first formula above). With the t flag, computed durations will be displayed according to the value of the variable org-table-duration-custom-format, which defaults to 'hours and will display the result as a fraction of hours (see the second formula in the example above).

Negative duration values can be manipulated as well, and integers will be considered as seconds in addition and subtraction.

Field and range formulas

To assign a formula to a particular field, type it directly into the field, preceded by :=, for example vsum(@II..III). When you press with the cursor still in the field, the formula will be stored as the formula for this field, evaluated, and the current field will be replaced with the result.

Formulas are stored in a special line starting with #+TBLFM: directly below the table. If you type the equation in the fourth field of the third data line in the table, the formula will look like @3$4=$1+$2. When inserting/deleting/swapping column and rows with the appropriate commands, absolute references (but not relative ones) in stored formulas are modified in order to still reference the same field. To avoid this from happening, in particular in range references, anchor ranges at the table borders (using @<, @>, $<, $>), or at hlines using the @I notation. Automatic adaptation of field references does of course not happen if you edit the table structure with normal editing commands—then you must fix the equations yourself.

Instead of typing an equation into the field, you may also use the following command

C-u C-c =

, org-table-eval-formula

Install a new formula for the current field. The command prompts for a formula with default taken from the

#+TBLFM:

line, applies it to the current field, and stores it.

The left-hand side of a formula can also be a special expression in order to assign the formula to a number of different fields. There is no keyboard shortcut to enter such range formulas. To add them, use the formula editor (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Editing%20and%20debugging%20formulas) or edit the #+TBLFM: line directly.

$2=
Column formula, valid for the entire column. This is so common that Org treats these formulas in a special way, see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Column%20formulas.
@3=
Row formula, applies to all fields in the specified row. @@>= means the last row.
@1$2..@4$3=
Range formula, applies to all fields in the given rectangular range. This can also be used to assign a formula to some but not all fields in a row.
$name=
Named field, see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Advanced%20features.

Column formulas

When you assign a formula to a simple column reference like $3=, the same formula will be used in all fields of that column, with the following very convenient exceptions:

  • If the table contains horizontal separator hlines with rows above and below, everything before the first such hline is considered part of the table header and will not be modified by column formulas. Therefore a header is mandatory when you use column formulas and want to add hlines to group rows, like for example to separate a total row at the bottom from the summand rows above.
  • Fields that already get a value from a field/range formula will be left alone by column formulas. These conditions make column formulas very easy to use.

To assign a formula to a column, type it directly into any field in the column, preceded by an equal sign, like

=$1+$2

. When you press with the cursor still in the field, the formula will be stored as the formula for the current column, evaluated and the current field replaced with the result. If the field contains only

=

, the previously stored formula for this column is used. For each column, Org will only remember the most recently used formula. In the

#+TBLFM:

line, column formulas will look like

$4=$1+$2

. The left-hand side of a column formula can not be the name of column, it must be the numeric column reference or $>.

Instead of typing an equation into the field, you may also use the following command:

C-c =

, org-table-eval-formula

Install a new formula for the current column and replace current field with the result of the formula. The command prompts for a formula, with default taken from the

#+TBLFM

line, applies it to the current field and stores it. With a numeric prefix argument(e.g.,

C-5 C-c =

) the command will apply it to that many consecutive fields in the current column.

Lookup functions

Org has three predefined Emacs Lisp functions for lookups in tables.

(org-lookup-first VAL S-LIST R-LIST &optional PREDICATE)

Searches for the first element S in list S-LIST for which

  (PREDICATE VAL S)

is t; returns the value from the corresponding position in list R-LIST. The default PREDICATE is equal. Note that the parameters VAL and S are passed to PREDICATE in the same order as the correspoding parameters are in the call to org-lookup-first, where VAL precedes S-LIST. If R-LIST is nil, the matching element S of S-LIST is returned.

(org-lookup-last VAL S-LIST R-LIST &optional PREDICATE)

Similar to org-lookup-first above, but searches for the last element for which PREDICATE is t.

(org-lookup-all VAL S-LIST R-LIST &optional PREDICATE)

Similar to org-lookup-first, but searches for all elements for which PREDICATE is t, and returns all corresponding values. This function can not be used by itself in a formula, because it returns a list of values. However, powerful lookups can be built when this function is combined with other Emacs Lisp functions.

If the ranges used in these functions contain empty fields, the E mode for the formula should usually be specified: otherwise empty fields will not be included in S-LIST and/or R-LIST which can, for example, result in an incorrect mapping from an element of S-LIST to the corresponding element of R-LIST.

These three functions can be used to implement associative arrays, count matching cells, rank results, group data, etc. For practical examples see this tutorial on Worg.

Editing and debugging formulas

individual formulas in the minibuffer or directly in the field. Org can also prepare a special buffer with all active formulas of a table. When offering a formula for editing, Org converts references to the standard format (like B3 or D&) if possible. If you prefer to only work with the internal format (like @3$2 or $4), configure the variable org-table-use-standard-references.

, org-table-eval-formula

Edit the formula associated with the current column/field in the minibuffer. See /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Column%20formulas, and /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Field%20and%20range%20formulas.

C-u C-u C-c =

, org-table-eval-formula

Re-insert the active formula (either a field formula, or a column formula) into the current field, so that you can edit it directly in the field. The advantage over editing in the minibuffer is that you can use the command

C-c ?

.

C-c ?

, org-table-field-info

While editing a formula in a table field, highlight the field(s) referenced by the reference at the cursor position in the formula.

C-c }

, org-table-toggle-coordinate-overlays

Toggle the display of row and column numbers for a table, using overlays (

org-table-toggle-coordinate-overlays

). These are updated each time the table is aligned; you can force it with

C-c C-c

.

C-c {

, org-table-toggle-formula-debugger

Toggle the formula debugger on and off. See below.

C-c '

, org-table-edit-formulas

Edit all formulas for the current table in a special buffer, where the formulas will be displayed one per line. If the current field has an active formula, the cursor in the formula editor will mark it. While inside the special buffer, Org will automatically highlight any field or range reference at the cursor position. You may edit, remove and add formulas, and use the following commands:

, org-table-fedit-finish

Exit the formula editor and store the modified formulas. With

C-u

prefix, also apply the new formulas to the entire table.

C-c C-q

, org-table-fedit-abort

Exit the formula editor without installing changes.

C-c C-r

, org-table-fedit-toggle-ref-type

Toggle all references in the formula editor between standard (like B3) and internal (like @3$2).

TAB

, org-table-fedit-lisp-indent

Pretty-print or indent Lisp formula at point. When in a line containing a Lisp formula, format the formula according to Emacs Lisp rules. Another

TAB

collapses the formula back again. In the open formula,

TAB

re-indents just like in Emacs Lisp mode.

, lisp-complete-symbol

Complete Lisp symbols, just like in Emacs Lisp mode.

Shift the reference at point. For example, if the reference is B3 and you press

, it will become C3. This also works for relative references and for hline references.

, org-table-fedit-line-up

Move the test line for column formulas up in the Org buffer.

, org-table-fedit-line-down

Move the test line for column formulas down in the Org buffer.

, org-table-fedit-scroll-up

Scroll up the window displaying the table.

, org-table-fedit-scroll-down

Scroll down the window displaying the table.

C-c }

Turn the coordinate grid in the table on and off.

Making a table field blank does not remove the formula associated with the field, because that is stored in a different line (the

#+TBLFM

line)—during the next recalculation the field will be filled again. To remove a formula from a field, you have to give an empty reply when prompted for the formula, or to edit the

#+TBLFM

line.

You may edit the

#+TBLFM

directly and re-apply the changed equations with

C-c C-c

in that line or with the normal recalculation commands in the table.

Debugging formulas

When the evaluation of a formula leads to an error, the field content becomes the string

#ERROR

. If you would like see what is going on during variable substitution and calculation in order to find a bug, turn on formula debugging in the Tbl menu and repeat the calculation, for example by pressing

{{{kbd(C-u C-u C-c =

in a field. Detailed information will be displayed.

Updating the table

Recalculation of a table is normally not automatic, but needs to be triggered by a command. See /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Advanced%20features, for a way to make recalculation at least semi-automatic.

In order to recalculate a line of a table or the entire table, use the following commands:

C-c *

, org-table-recalculate

Recalculate the current row by first applying the stored column formulas from left to right, and all field/range formulas in the current row.

Recompute the entire table, line by line. Any lines before the first hline are left alone, assuming that these are part of the table header.

, org-table-iterate

Iterate the table by recomputing it until no further changes occur. This may be necessary if some computed fields use the value of other fields that are computed later in the calculation sequence.

M-x org-table-recalculate-buffer-tables

Recompute all tables in the current buffer.

M-x org-table-iterate-buffer-tables

Iterate all tables in the current buffer, in order to converge table-to-table dependencies.

Advanced features

If you want the recalculation of fields to happen automatically, or if you want to be able to assign names to fields and columns, you need to reserve the first column of the table for special marking characters.35

C-#

, org-table-rotate-recalc-marks

Rotate the calculation mark in first column through the states ,

$

. When there is an active region, change all marks in the region.

Here is an example of a table that collects exam results of students and makes use of these features:

  |---+---------+--------+--------+--------+-------+------|
  |   | Student | Prob 1 | Prob 2 | Prob 3 | Total | Note |
  |---+---------+--------+--------+--------+-------+------|
  | ! |         |     P1 |     P2 |     P3 |   Tot |      |
  | # | Maximum |     10 |     15 |     25 |    50 | 10.0 |
  | ^ |         |     m1 |     m2 |     m3 |    mt |      |
  |---+---------+--------+--------+--------+-------+------|
  | # | Peter   |     10 |      8 |     23 |    41 |  8.2 |
  | # | Sam     |      2 |      4 |      3 |     9 |  1.8 |
  |---+---------+--------+--------+--------+-------+------|
  |   | Average |        |        |        |  25.0 |      |
  | ^ |         |        |        |        |    at |      |
  | $ | max=50  |        |        |        |       |      |
  |---+---------+--------+--------+--------+-------+------|
  #+TBLFM: $6=vsum($P1..$P3)::$7=10*$Tot/$max;%.1f::$at=vmean(@-II..@-I);%.1f

C-u C-c *

tant: please note that for these special tables, recalculating the table with

C-u C-c *

will only affect rows that are marked # or *, and fields that have a formula assigned to the field itself. The column formulas are not applied in rows with empty first field.

The marking characters have the following meaning:

!
The fields in this line define names for the columns, so that you may refer to a column as

$Tot

instead of

$6

.
^
This row defines names for the fields @emph in the table may use . Also, if you assign a formula to a names field, it will be stored as $name= ....
_
Similar to

^

, but defines names for the fields in the row below.
$
Fields in this row can define parameters for formulas. For example, if a field in a

$

row contains

max=50

, then formulas in this table can refer to the value 50 using

$max

. Parameters work exactly like constants, only that they can be defined on a per-table basis.
#
Fields in this row are automatically recalculated when pressing or

in this row. Also, this row is selected for a global recalculation with

C-u C-c *

. Unmarked lines will be left alone by this command.
*
Selects this line for global recalculation with

C-u C-c *

, but not for automatic recalculation. Use this when automatic recalculation slows down editing too much.
 
Unmarked lines are exempt from recalculation with

C-u C-c *

. All lines that should be recalculated should be marked with # or *.
/
Do not export this line. Useful for lines that contain the narrowing <N> markers or column group markers.

Finally, just to whet your appetite for what can be done with the fantastic

calc.el

package, here is a table that computes the Taylor series of degree n at location x for a couple of functions.

  |---+-------------+---+-----+--------------------------------------|
  |   | Func        | n | x   | Result                               |
  |---+-------------+---+-----+--------------------------------------|
  | # | exp(x)      | 1 | x   | 1 + x                                |
  | # | exp(x)      | 2 | x   | 1 + x + x^2 / 2                      |
  | # | exp(x)      | 3 | x   | 1 + x + x^2 / 2 + x^3 / 6            |
  | # | x^2+sqrt(x) | 2 | x=0 | x*(0.5 / 0) + x^2 (2 - 0.25 / 0) / 2 |
  | # | x^2+sqrt(x) | 2 | x=1 | 2 + 2.5 x - 2.5 + 0.875 (x - 1)^2    |
  | * | tan(x)      | 3 | x   | 0.0175 x + 1.77e-6 x^3               |
  |---+-------------+---+-----+--------------------------------------|
  #+TBLFM: $5=taylor($2,$4,$3);n3

Org-Plot

Org-Plot can produce 2D and 3D graphs of information stored in org tables using Gnuplot and gnuplot-mode. To see this in action, ensure that you have both Gnuplot and Gnuplot-mode installed on your system, then call org-plot/gnuplot on the following table.

  #+PLOT: title:"Citas" ind:1 deps:(3) type:2d with:histograms set:"yrange [0:]"
  | Sede      | Max cites | H-index |
  |-----------+-----------+---------|
  | Chile     |    257.72 |   21.39 |
  | Leeds     |    165.77 |   19.68 |
  | Sao Paolo |     71.00 |   11.50 |
  | Stockholm |    134.19 |   14.33 |
  | Morels    |    257.56 |   17.67 |

Notice that Org Plot is smart enough to apply the table's headers as labels. Further control over the labels, type, content, and appearance of plots can be exercised through the #+PLOT: lines preceding a table. See below for a complete list of Org-plot options. For more information and examples see the Org-plot tutorial.

Org-Plot recognizes the following options:

set
Specify any

gnuplot

option to be set when graphing.
title
Specify the title of the plot.
ind
Specify which column of the table to use as the x axis.
deps
Specify the columns to graph as a Lisp style list, surrounded by parentheses and separated by spaces for example dep:(3 4) to graph the third and fourth columns (defaults to graphing all other columns aside from the ind column).
type
Specify whether the plot will be 2d, 3d, or grid.
with
Specify a with option to be inserted for every col being plotted (e.g., lines, points, boxes, impulses, etc.). Defaults to lines.
file
If you want to plot to a file, specify "{path/to/desired/output-file}".
labels
List of labels to be used for the deps (defaults to the column headers if they exist).
line
Specify an entire line to be inserted in the Gnuplot script.
map
When plotting 3d or grid types, set this to t to graph a flat mapping rather than a 3d slope.
timefmt
Specify format of Org mode timestamps as they will be parsed by Gnuplot. Defaults to

%Y-%m-%d-%H:%M:%S

.
script
If you want total control, you can specify a script file (place the file name between double-quotes) which will be used to plot. Before plotting, every instance of $datafile in the specified script will be replaced with the path to the generated data file. Note: even if you set this option, you may still want to specify the plot type, as that can impact the content of the data file.

Hyperlinks

Like HTML, Org provides links inside a file, external links to other files, Usenet articles, emails, and much more.

Link format

Org will recognize plain URL-like links and activate them as clickable links. The general link format, however, looks like this:

  [[link][description]] or  [[link]]

description

ink in the buffer is complete (all brackets present), Org will change the display so that

description

is displayed instead of [[link][description]] and

link

is displayed instead of [[link]]. Links will be highlighted in the face org-link, which by default is an underlined face. You can directly edit the visible part of a link. Note that this can be either the

link

part (if there is no description) or the

description

part. To edit also the invisible with the cursor on the link.

If you place the cursor at the beginning or just behind the end of the displayed text and press

BACKSPACE

, you will remove the (invisible) bracket at that location. This makes the link incomplete and the internals are again displayed as plain text. Inserting the missing bracket hides the link internals again. To show the internal structure of all links, use the menu entry Org->Hyperlinks->Literal links.

Internal links

If the link does not look like a URL, it is considered to be internal in the current file. The most important case is a link like [[#my-custom-id]] which will link to the entry with the CUSTOM_ID property

my-custom-id

. Such custom IDs are very good for HTML export (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/HTML%20export) where they produce pretty section links. You are responsible yourself to make sure these custom IDs are unique in a file.

Links such as the two in the following example:

   [[My Target]] or [[My Target][Find my target]]

{{{noindent}}} lead to a text search in the current file.

The link can be followed with

C-c C-o

when the cursor is on the link, or with a mouse click (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Handling%20links). Links to custom IDs will point to the corresponding headline. The preferred match for a text link is a dedicated target: the same string in double angular brackets. Targets may be located anywhere; sometimes it is convenient to put them into a comment line. For example

  # <<My Target>>

http

n HTML export (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/HTML%20export), such targets will become named anchors for direct access through

http

links.36

If no dedicated target exists, Org will search for a headline that is exactly the link text but may also include a TODO keyword and tags.37 In non-Org files, the search will look for the words in the link text. In the above example the search would be for my target.

Following a link pushes a mark onto Org's own mark ring. You can return to the previous position with

C-c &

. Using this command several times in direct succession goes back to positions recorded earlier.

Radio targets

Org can automatically turn any occurrences of certain target names in normal text into a link. So without explicitly creating a link, the text connects to the target radioing its position. Radio targets are enclosed by triple angular brackets. For example, a target <<<My Target>>> causes each occurrence of my target in normal text to become activated as a link. The Org file is scanned automatically for radio targets only when the file is first loaded into Emacs. To update the target list during editing, press

C-c C-c

with the cursor on or at a target.

External links

Org supports links to files, websites, Usenet and email messages, BBDB database entries and links to both IRC conversations and their logs. External links are URL-like locators. They start with a short identifying string followed by a colon. There can be no space after the colon. The following list shows examples for each link type.

http://www.astro.uva.nl/~dominik
on the web
doi:10.1000/182
DOI for an electronic resource
file:/home/dominik/images/jupiter.jpg
file, absolute path
/home/dominik/images/jupiter.jpg
same as above
file:papers/last.pdf
file, relative path
./papers/last.pdf
same as above
file:/myself@some.where:papers/last.pdf
file, path on remote machine
/myself@some.where:papers/last.pdf
same as above
file:sometextfile::NNN
file, jump to line number
file:projects.org
another Org file
file:projects.org::some words
text search in Org file38
file:projects.org::*task title
heading search in Org file
file+sys:/path/to/file
open via OS, like double-click
file+emacs:/path/to/file
force opening by Emacs
docview:papers/last.pdf::NNN
open in doc-view mode at page
id:B7423F4D-2E8A-471B-8810-C40F074717E9
Link to heading by ID
news:comp.emacs
Usenet link
mailto:adent@galaxy.net
Mail link
vm:folder
VM folder link
vm:folder#id
VM message link
vm://myself@some.where.org/folder#id
VM on remote machine
vm-imap:account:folder
VM IMAP folder link
vm-imap:account:folder#id
VM IMAP message link
wl:folder
WANDERLUST folder link
wl:folder#id
WANDERLUST message link
mhe:folder
MH-E folder link
mhe:folder#id
MH-E message link
rmail:folder
RMAIL folder link
rmail:folder#id
RMAIL message link
gnus:group
Gnus group link
gnus:group#id
Gnus article link
bbdb:R.*Stallman
BBDB link (with regexp)
irc:/irc.com/#emacs/bob
IRC link
info:org#External links
Info node link
shell:ls *.org
A shell command
elisp:org-agenda
Interactive Elisp command
elisp:(find-file-other-frame "Elisp.org")
Elisp form to evaluate

For customizing Org to add new link types /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Adding%20hyperlink%20types.

A link should be enclosed in double brackets and may contain a descriptive text to be displayed instead of the URL (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Link%20format), for example:

  [[http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/][GNU Emacs]]

{{{noindent}}} If the description is a file name or URL that points to an image, HTML export (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/HTML%20export) will inline the image as a clickable button. If there is no description at all and the link points to an image, that image will be inlined into the exported HTML file.

Org also finds external links in the normal text and activates them as links. If spaces must be part of the link (for example in

bbdb:Richard Stallman

), or if you need to remove ambiguities about the end of the link, enclose them in square brackets.

Handling links

Org provides methods to create a link in the correct syntax, to insert it into an Org file, and to follow the link.

C-c l

, org-store-link

Store a link to the current location. This is a global command (you must create the key binding yourself) which can be used in any buffer to create a link. The link will be stored for later insertion into an Org buffer (see below). What kind of link will be created depends on the current buffer:

Org mode buffers

For Org files, if there is a <<target>> at the cursor, the link points to the target. Otherwise it points to the current headline, which will also be the description.39

If the headline has a CUSTOM_ID property, a link to this custom ID will be stored. In addition or alternatively (depending on the value of org-link-to-org-use-id), a globally unique ID property will be created and/or used to construct a link.40 So using this command in Org buffers will potentially create two links: a human-readable link from the custom ID, and one that is globally unique and works even if the entry is moved from file to file. Later, when inserting the link, you need to decide which one to use.

Email/News clients: VM, Rmail, Wanderlust, MH-E, Gnus
Pretty much all Emacs mail clients are supported. The link will point to the current article, or, in some GNUS buffers, to the group. The description is constructed from the author and the subject.
Web browsers: W3 and W3M
Here the link will be the current URL, with the page title as description.
Contacts: BBDB
Links created in a BBDB buffer will point to the current entry.
Chat: IRC

For IRC links, if you set the variable org-irc-link-to-logs to t, a file: style link to the relevant point in the logs for the current conversation is created. Otherwise an irc:/ style link to the user/channel/server under the point will be stored.

Other files
For any other files, the link will point to the file, with a search string (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Search%20options) pointing to the contents of the current line. If there is an active region, the selected words will form the basis of the search string. If the automatically created link is not working correctly or accurately enough, you can write custom functions to select the search string and to do the search for particular file types—see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Custom%20searches. The key binding

C-c l

is only a suggestion—see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Installation.
Agenda view
When the cursor is in an agenda view, the created link points to the entry referenced by the current line.

C-c C-l

, org-insert-link

Insert a link.41 This prompts for a link to be inserted into the buffer. You can just type a link, using text for an internal link, or one of the link type prefixes mentioned in the examples above. The link will be inserted into the buffer, along with a descriptive text.42 If some text was selected when this command is called, the selected text becomes the default description.

Inserting stored links
All links stored during the current session are part of the history for this prompt, so you can access them with (or

M-p/n

).
Completion support
Completion with

TAB

will help you to insert valid link prefixes like http: or ftp:, including the prefixes defined through link abbreviations (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Link%20abbreviations). If you press

RET

after inserting only the

prefix

, Org will offer specific completion support for some link types.43 For example, if you type

{{{kbd(file

, file name completion (alternative access:

C-u C-c C-l

, see below) will be offered, and after

{{{kbd(bbdb

you can complete contact names.

C-u C-c C-l

When

C-c C-l

is called with a

C-u

prefix argument, a link to a file will be inserted and you may use file name completion to select the name of the file. The path to the file is inserted relative to the directory of the current Org file, if the linked file is in the current directory or in a sub-directory of it, or if the path is written relative to the current directory using

../

. Otherwise an absolute path is used, if possible with

~/

for your home directory. You can force an absolute path with two

C-u

prefixes.

C-c C-l

(with cursor on existing link)

When the cursor is on an existing link,

C-c C-l

allows you to edit the link and description parts of the link.

C-c C-o

, org-open-at-point

Open link at point. This will launch a web browser for URLs (using

browse-url-at-point

), run VM/MH-E/Wanderlust/Rmail/Gnus/BBDB for the corresponding links, and execute the command in a shell link. When the cursor is on an internal link, this command runs the corresponding search. When the cursor is on a TAG list in a headline, it creates the corresponding TAGS view. If the cursor is on a timestamp, it compiles the agenda for that date. Furthermore, it will visit text and remote files in file: links with Emacs and select a suitable application for local non-text files. Classification of files is based on file extension only. See option org-file-apps. If you want to override the default application and visit the file with Emacs, use a

C-u

prefix. If you want to avoid opening in Emacs, use a

C-u C-u

prefix. If the cursor is on a headline, but not on a link, offer all links in the headline and entry text. If you want to setup the frame configuration for following links, customize org-link-frame-setup.

RET

When org-return-follows-link is set,

RET

will also follow the link at point.

On links, will also follow a link.

mouse-3

Like

mouse-2

, but force file links to be opened with Emacs, and internal links to be displayed in another window.44

C-c C-x C-v

, org-toggle-inline-images

Toggle the inline display of linked images. Normally this will only inline images that have no description part in the link, i.e., images that will also be inlined during export. When called with a prefix argument, also display images that do have a link description. You can ask for inline images to be displayed at startup by configuring the variable org-startup-with-inline-images.45

C-c %

, org-mark-ring-push

Push the current position onto the mark ring, to be able to return easily. Commands following an internal link do this automatically.

C-c &

, org-mark-ring-goto

Jump back to a recorded position. A position is recorded by the commands following internal links, and by

C-c %

. Using this command several times in direct succession moves through a ring of previously recorded positions.

C-c C-x C-n

, org-next-link

C-c C-x C-p

, org-previous-link

Move forward/backward to the next link in the buffer. At the limit of the buffer, the search fails once, and then wraps around. The key bindings for this are really too long; you might want to bind this also to

C-n

and

C-p

  (add-hook 'org-load-hook
            (lambda ()
              (define-key org-mode-map "\C-n" 'org-next-link)
              (define-key org-mode-map "\C-p" 'org-previous-link)))

Using links outside Org

You can insert and follow links that have Org syntax not only in Org, but in any Emacs buffer. For this, you should create two global commands, like this (please select suitable global keys yourself):

  (global-set-key "\C-c L" 'org-insert-link-global)
  (global-set-key "\C-c o" 'org-open-at-point-global)

Link abbreviations

Long URLs can be cumbersome to type, and often many similar links are needed in a document. For this you can use link abbreviations. An abbreviated link looks like this

[[linkword:tag][description]]

optional. The linkword must be a word, starting with a letter, followed by letters, numbers, . Abbreviations are resolved according to the information in the variable org-link-abbrev-alist that relates the linkwords to replacement text. Here is an example:

  (setq org-link-abbrev-alist
    '(("bugzilla"  . "http://10.1.2.9/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=")
      ("url-to-ja" . "http://translate.google.fr/translate?sl=en&tl=ja&u=%h")
      ("google"    . "http://www.google.com/search?q=")
      ("gmap"      . "http://maps.google.com/maps?q=%s")
      ("omap"      . "http://nominatim.openstreetmap.org/search?q=%s&polygon=1")
      ("ads"       . "http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-abs_connect?author=%s&db_key=AST")))

If the replacement text contains the string

%s

, it will be replaced with the tag. Using will url-encode the tag (see the example above, where we need to encode the URL parameter.) Using will pass the tag to a custom function, and replace it by the resulting string.

If the replacement text don't contain any specifier, it will simply be appended to the string in order to create the link.

Instead of a string, you may also specify a function that will be called with the tag as the only argument to create the link.

With the above setting, you could link to a specific bug with [[bugzilla:129]], search the web for

OrgMode

with [[google:OrgMode]], show the map location of the Free Software Foundation [[gmap:51 Franklin Street, Boston]] or of Carsten office [[omap:Science Park 904, Amsterdam, The Netherlands]] and find out what the Org author is doing besides Emacs hacking with [[ads:Dominik,C]].

If you need special abbreviations just for a single Org buffer, you can define them in the file with

  #+LINK: bugzilla  http://10.1.2.9/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=
  #+LINK: google    http://www.google.com/search?q=%s

[

} In-buffer completion (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Completion) can be used after

[

to complete link abbreviations. You may also define a function that implements special (e.g., completion) support for inserting such a link with

C-c C-l

. Such a function should not accept any arguments, and return the full link with prefix. You can set the link completion function like this:

(org-link-set-parameter "type" :complete #'some-completion-function)

Search options

File links can contain additional information to make Emacs jump to a particular location in the file when following a link. This can be a line number or a search option after a double colon.46 For example, when the command

C-c l

creates a link (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Handling%20links) to a file, it encodes the words in the current line as a search string that can be used to find this line back later when following the link with

C-c C-o

.

Here is the syntax of the different ways to attach a search to a file link, together with an explanation:

  [[file:~/code/main.c::255]]
  [[file:~/xx.org::My Target]]
  [[file:~/xx.org::*My Target]]
  [[file:~/xx.org::#my-custom-id]]
  [[file:~/xx.org::/regexp/]]
255
Jump to line 255.
My Target
Search for a link target <<My Target>>, or do a text search for

my target

, similar to the search in internal links, see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Internal%20links. In HTML export (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/HTML%20export), such a file link will become a HTML reference to the corresponding named anchor in the linked file.
*My Target
In an Org file, restrict search to headlines.
#my-custom-id
Link to a heading with a CUSTOM_ID property
regexp
Do a regular expression search for regexp. This uses the Emacs command occur to list all matches in a separate window. If the target file is in Org mode, org-occur is used to create a sparse tree with the matches. @c If the target file is a directory, @c grep will be used to search all files in the directory.

As a degenerate case, a file link with an empty file name can be used to search the current file. For example, [[file:::find me]] does a search for find me in the current file, just as [[find me]] would.

Custom searches

The default mechanism for creating search strings and for doing the actual search related to a file link may not work correctly in all cases. For example, BibTeX database files have many entries like

year="1993"

which would not result in good search strings, because the only unique identification for a BibTeX entry is the citation key.

If you come across such a problem, you can write custom functions to set the right search string for a particular file type, and to do the search for the string in the file. Using add-hook, these functions need to be added to the hook variables org-create-file-search-functions and org-execute-file-search-functions. See the docstring for these variables for more information. Org actually uses this mechanism for BibTeX database files, and you can use the corresponding code as an implementation example. See the file

org-bibtex.el

.

TODO items

Org mode does not maintain TODO lists as separate documents.47 Instead, TODO items are an integral part of the notes file, because TODO items usually come up while taking notes! With Org mode, simply mark any entry in a tree as being a TODO item. In this way, information is not duplicated, and the entire context from which the TODO item emerged is always present.

Of course, this technique for managing TODO items scatters them throughout your notes file. Org mode compensates for this by providing methods to give you an overview of all the things that you have to do.

TODO basics

Any headline becomes a TODO item when it starts with the word

TODO

, for example:

  *** TODO Write letter to Sam Fortune

{{{noindent}}} The most important commands to work with TODO entries are:

C-c C-t

, org-todo

Rotate the TODO state of the current item among

   ,-> (unmarked) -> TODO -> DONE --.
   '--------------------------------'

The same rotation can also be done ``remotely'' from the timeline and agenda buffers with the

t

command key (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Agenda%20commands).

C-u C-c C-t

Select a specific keyword using completion or (if it has been set up) the fast selection interface. For the latter, you need to assign keys to TODO states, see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Per-file%20keywords, and /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Setting%20tags, for more information.

Select the following/preceding TODO state, similar to cycling. Useful mostly if more than two TODO states are possible (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/TODO%20extensions). See also /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Conflicts, for a discussion of the interaction with shift-selection-mode. See also the variable org-treat-S-cursor-todo-selection-as-state-change.

C-c / t

, org-show-todo-tree

View TODO items in a sparse tree (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Sparse%20trees). Folds the entire buffer, but shows all TODO items (with not-DONE state) and the headings hierarchy above them. With a prefix argument (or by using

C-c / T

), search for a specific TODO. You will be prompted for the keyword, and you can also give a list of keywords like KWD1|KWD2|... to list entries that match any one of these keywords. With a numeric prefix argument N, show the tree for the Nth keyword in the variable org-todo-keywords. With two prefix arguments, find all TODO states, both un-done and done.

C-c a t

, org-todo-list

Show the global TODO list. Collects the TODO items (with not-DONE states) from all agenda files (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Agenda%20views) into a single buffer. The new buffer will be in agenda-mode, which provides commands to examine and manipulate the TODO entries from the new buffer (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Agenda%20commands). See /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Global%20TODO%20list, for more information.

, org-insert-todo-heading

Insert a new TODO entry below the current one.

{{{noindent}}}

Changing a TODO state can also trigger tag changes. See the docstring of the option org-todo-state-tags-triggers for details.

TODO extensions

By default, marked TODO entries have one of only two states: TODO and DONE. Org mode allows you to classify TODO items in more complex ways with TODO keywords (stored in org-todo-keywords). With special setup, the TODO keyword system can work differently in different files.

Note that tags are another way to classify headlines in general and TODO items in particular (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Tags).

Workflow states

You can use TODO keywords to indicate different sequential states in the process of working on an item, for example:48

(setq org-todo-keywords
  '((sequence "TODO" "FEEDBACK" "VERIFY" "|" "DONE" "DELEGATED")))

The vertical bar separates the TODO keywords (states that need action) from the DONE states (which need no further action). If you don't provide the separator bar, the last state is used as the DONE state.

With this setup, the command

C-c C-t

will cycle an entry from TODO to FEEDBACK, then to VERIFY, and finally to DONE and DELEGATED. You may also use a numeric prefix argument to quickly select a specific state. For example

C-3 C-c C-t

will change the state immediately to VERIFY. Or you can use

to go backward through the sequence. If you define many keywords, you can use in-buffer completion (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Completion) or even a special one-key selection scheme (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Fast%20access%20to%20TODO%20states) to insert these words into the buffer. Changing a TODO state can be logged with a timestamp, see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Tracking%20TODO%20state%20changes, for more information.

TODO types

The second possibility is to use TODO keywords to indicate different types of action items. For example, you might want to indicate that items are for ``work'' or ``home''. Or, when you work with several people on a single project, you might want to assign action items directly to persons, by using their names as TODO keywords. This would be set up like this:

(setq org-todo-keywords '((type "Fred" "Sara" "Lucy" "|" "DONE")))

In this case, different keywords do not indicate a sequence, but rather different types. So the normal work flow would be to assign a task to a person, and later to mark it DONE. Org mode supports this style by adapting the workings of the command

C-c C-t

.49 When used several times in succession, it will still cycle through all names, in order to first select the right type for a task. But when you return to the item after some time and execute

C-c C-t

again, it will switch from any name directly to DONE. Use prefix arguments or completion to quickly select a specific name. You can also review the items of a specific TODO type in a sparse tree by using a numeric prefix to

C-c / t

. For example, to see all things Lucy has to do, you would use

C-3 C-c / t

. To collect Lucy's items from all agenda files into a single buffer, you would use the numeric prefix argument as well when creating the global TODO list:

C-3 C-c a t

.

Multiple sets in one file

Sometimes you may want to use different sets of TODO keywords in parallel. For example, you may want to have the basic TODO / DONE, but also a workflow for bug fixing, and a separate state indicating that an item has been canceled (so it is not DONE, but also does not require action). Your setup would then look like this:

(setq org-todo-keywords
      '((sequence "TODO" "|" "DONE")
        (sequence "REPORT" "BUG" "KNOWNCAUSE" "|" "FIXED")
        (sequence "|" "CANCELED")))

The keywords should all be different, this helps Org mode to keep track of which subsequence should be used for a given entry. In this setup,

C-c C-t

only operates within a subsequence, so it switches from DONE to (nothing) to TODO, and from FIXED to (nothing) to REPORT. Therefore you need a mechanism to initially select the correct sequence. Besides the obvious ways like typing a keyword or using completion, you may also apply the following commands:

These keys jump from one TODO subset to the next. In the above example, would jump from TODO or DONE to REPORT, and any of the words in the second row to CANCELED. Note that the

C-S-

key binding conflict with shift-selection-mode (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Conflicts).

walk through all keywords from all sets, so for example

would switch from DONE to REPORT in the example above. See also /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Conflicts, for a discussion of the interaction with shift-selection-mode.

Fast access to TODO states

If you would like to quickly change an entry to an arbitrary TODO state instead of cycling through the states, you can set up keys for single-letter access to the states. This is done by adding the selection character after each keyword, in parentheses.50 For example:

(setq org-todo-keywords
      '((sequence "TODO(t)" "|" "DONE(d)")
        (sequence "REPORT(r)" "BUG(b)" "KNOWNCAUSE(k)" "|" "FIXED(f)")
        (sequence "|" "CANCELED(c)")))

If you then press

C-c C-t

followed by the selection key, the entry will be switched to this state.

SPC

can be used to remove any TODO keyword from an entry.51

Per-file keywords

It can be very useful to use different aspects of the TODO mechanism in different files. For file-local settings, you need to add special lines to the file which set the keywords and interpretation for that file only. For example, to set one of the two examples discussed above, you need one of the following lines, starting in column zero anywhere in the file:

   #+TODO: TODO FEEDBACK VERIFY | DONE CANCELED

{{{noindent}}} (you may also write #+SEQ_TODO to be explicit about the interpretation, but it means the same as #+TODO), or

   #+TYP_TODO: Fred Sara Lucy Mike | DONE

A setup for using several sets in parallel would be:

   #+TODO: TODO | DONE
   #+TODO: REPORT BUG KNOWNCAUSE | FIXED
   #+TODO: | CANCELED

ype completion.

Remember that the keywords after the vertical bar (or the last keyword if no bar is there) must always mean that the item is DONE (although you may use a different word). After changing one of these lines, use

C-c C-c

with the cursor still in the line to make the changes known to Org mode.52

Faces for TODO keywords

Org mode highlights TODO keywords with special faces: org-todo for keywords indicating that an item still has to be acted upon, and org-done for keywords indicating that an item is finished. If you are using more than 2 different states, you might want to use special faces for some of them. This can be done using the variable org-todo-keyword-faces. For example:

(setq org-todo-keyword-faces
      '(("TODO" . org-warning) ("STARTED" . "yellow")
        ("CANCELED" . (:foreground "blue" :weight bold))))

While using a list with face properties as shown for CANCELED should work, this does not always seem to be the case. If necessary, define a special face and use that. A string is interpreted as a color. The variable org-faces-easy-properties determines if that color is interpreted as a foreground or a background color.

TODO dependencies

The structure of Org files (hierarchy and lists) makes it easy to define TODO dependencies. Usually, a parent TODO task should not be marked DONE until all subtasks (defined as children tasks) are marked as DONE. And sometimes there is a logical sequence to a number of (sub)tasks, so that one task cannot be acted upon before all siblings above it are done. If you customize the variable org-enforce-todo-dependencies, Org will block entries from changing state to DONE while they have children that are not DONE. Furthermore, if an entry has a property ORDERED, each of its children will be blocked until all earlier siblings are marked DONE. Here is an example:

  * TODO Blocked until (two) is done
  ** DONE one
  ** TODO two
  
  * Parent
    :PROPERTIES:
    :ORDERED: t
    :END:
  ** TODO a
  ** TODO b, needs to wait for (a)
  ** TODO c, needs to wait for (a) and (b)

C-c C-x o

, org-toggle-ordered-property

Toggle the ORDERED property of the current entry. A property is used for this behavior because this should be local to the current entry, not inherited like a tag. However, if you would like to track the value of this property with a tag for better visibility, customize the variable org-track-ordered-property-with-tag.

C-u C-u C-u C-c C-t

Change TODO state, circumventing any state blocking.

If you set the variable org-agenda-dim-blocked-tasks, TODO entries that cannot be closed because of such dependencies will be shown in a dimmed font or even made invisible in agenda views (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Agenda%20views).

You can also block changes of TODO states by looking at checkboxes (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Checkboxes). If you set the variable org-enforce-todo-checkbox-dependencies, an entry that has unchecked checkboxes will be blocked from switching to DONE.

If you need more complex dependency structures, for example dependencies between entries in different trees or files, check out the contributed module

org-depend.el

.

{{{page}}}

Progress logging

Org mode can automatically record a timestamp and possibly a note when you mark a TODO item as DONE, or even each time you change the state of a TODO item. This system is highly configurable, settings can be on a per-keyword basis and can be localized to a file or even a subtree. For information on how to clock working time for a task, see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Clocking%20work%20time.

Closing items

The most basic logging is to keep track of when a certain TODO item was finished. This is achieved with:53

(setq org-log-done 'time)

CLOSED: [timestamp]

ou turn an entry from a TODO (not-done) state into any of the DONE states, a line

CLOSED: [timestamp]

will be inserted just after the headline. If you turn the entry back into a TODO item through further state cycling, that line will be removed again. If you want to record a note along with the timestamp, use:54

(setq org-log-done 'note)

Closing Note

then be prompted for a note, and that note will be stored below the entry with a

Closing Note

heading.

In the timeline (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Timeline%20for%20a%20single%20file) and in the agenda (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Weekly/daily%20agenda), you can then use the

l

key to display the TODO items with a

CLOSED

timestamp on each day, giving you an overview of what has been done.

Tracking TODO state changes

When TODO keywords are used as workflow states (see [[Workflow states]]), you might want to keep track of when a state change occurred and maybe take a note about this change. You can either record just a timestamp, or a time-stamped note for a change. These records will be inserted after the headline as an itemized list, newest first.55 When taking a lot of notes, you might want to get the notes out of the way into a drawer (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Drawers). Customize the variable org-log-into-drawer to get this behavior—the recommended drawer for this is called LOGBOOK.56 You can also overrule the setting of this variable for a subtree by setting a LOG_INTO_DRAWER property.

Since it is normally too much to record a note for every state, Org mode expects configuration on a per-keyword basis for this. This is achieved by adding special markers

!

(for a timestamp) or

@

(for a note with timestamp) in parentheses after each keyword. For example, with the setting:

(setq org-todo-keywords
  '((sequence "TODO(t)" "WAIT(w@@/!)" "|" "DONE(d!)" "CANCELED(c@@)")))

{{{noindent}}}

you not only define global TODO keywords and fast access keys, but also request that a time is recorded when the entry is set to DONE, and that a note is recorded when switching to WAIT or CANCELED.57 The setting for WAIT is even more special: the

!

after the slash means that in addition to the note taken when entering the state, a timestamp should be recorded when leaving the WAIT state, if and only if the target state does not configure logging for entering it. So it has no effect when switching from WAIT to DONE, because DONE is configured to record a timestamp only. But when switching from WAIT back to TODO, the

/!

in the WAIT setting now triggers a timestamp even though TODO has no logging configured.

To record a timestamp without a note for TODO keywords configured with to enter a blank note when prompted.

You can use the exact same syntax for setting logging preferences local to a buffer:

   #+TODO: TODO(t) WAIT(w@/!) | DONE(d!) CANCELED(c@)

In order to define logging settings that are local to a subtree or a single item, define a LOGGING property in this entry. Any non-empty LOGGING property resets all logging settings to nil. You may then turn on logging for this specific tree using STARTUP keywords like lognotedone or logrepeat, as well as adding state specific settings like TODO(!). For example:

   * TODO Log each state with only a time
     :PROPERTIES:
     :LOGGING: TODO(!) WAIT(!) DONE(!) CANCELED(!)
     :END:
   * TODO Only log when switching to WAIT, and when repeating
     :PROPERTIES:
     :LOGGING: WAIT(@) logrepeat
     :END:
   * TODO No logging at all
     :PROPERTIES:
     :LOGGING: nil
     :END:

Tracking your habits

  • State "DONE" from "DONE" [2013-01-07 Mon 14:10]
  • State "DONE" from "" [2013-01-07 Mon 14:10]

Org has the ability to track the consistency of a special category of TODOs, called "habits." A habit has the following properties:

  1. You have enabled the habits module by customizing the variable org-modules.
  2. The habit is a TODO item, with a TODO keyword representing an open state.
  3. The property STYLE is set to the value habit.
  4. The TODO has a scheduled date, usually with a .+ style repeat interval. A ++ style may be appropriate for habits with time constraints, e.g., must be done on weekends, or a + style for an unusual habit that can have a backlog, e.g., weekly reports.
  5. The TODO may also have minimum and maximum ranges specified by using the syntax

    .+2d/3d

    , which says that you want to do the task at least every three days, but at most every two days.
  6. You must also have state logging for the DONE state enabled (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Tracking%20TODO%20state%20changes), in order for historical data to be represented in the consistency graph. If it is not enabled it is not an error, but the consistency graphs will be largely meaningless.

To give you an idea of what the above rules look like in action, here's an actual habit with some history:

   ** TODO Shave
      SCHEDULED: <2009-10-17 Sat .+2d/4d>
      - State "DONE"       from "TODO"       [2009-10-15 Thu]
      - State "DONE"       from "TODO"       [2009-10-12 Mon]
      - State "DONE"       from "TODO"       [2009-10-10 Sat]
      - State "DONE"       from "TODO"       [2009-10-04 Sun]
      - State "DONE"       from "TODO"       [2009-10-02 Fri]
      - State "DONE"       from "TODO"       [2009-09-29 Tue]
      - State "DONE"       from "TODO"       [2009-09-25 Fri]
      - State "DONE"       from "TODO"       [2009-09-19 Sat]
      - State "DONE"       from "TODO"       [2009-09-16 Wed]
      - State "DONE"       from "TODO"       [2009-09-12 Sat]
      :PROPERTIES:
      :STYLE:    habit
      :LAST_REPEAT: [2009-10-19 Mon 00:36]
      :END:

What this habit says is: I want to shave at most every 2 days (given by the SCHEDULED date and repeat interval) and at least every 4 days. If today is the 15th, then the habit first appears in the agenda on Oct 17, after the minimum of 2 days has elapsed, and will appear overdue on Oct 19, after four days have elapsed.

What's really useful about habits is that they are displayed along with a consistency graph, to show how consistent you've been at getting that task done in the past. This graph shows every day that the task was done over the past three weeks, with colors for each day. The colors used are:

Blue
If the task wasn't to be done yet on that day.
Green
If the task could have been done on that day.
Yellow
If the task was going to be overdue the next day.
Red
If the task was overdue on that day.

In addition to coloring each day, the day is also marked with an asterisk if the task was actually done that day, and an exclamation mark to show where the current day falls in the graph.

There are several configuration variables that can be used to change the way habits are displayed in the agenda.

org-habit-graph-column
The buffer column at which the consistency graph should be drawn. This will overwrite any text in that column, so it is a good idea to keep your habits' titles brief and to the point.
org-habit-preceding-days
The amount of history, in days before today, to appear in consistency graphs.
org-habit-following-days
The number of days after today that will appear in consistency graphs.
org-habit-show-habits-only-for-today
If non-nil, only show habits in today's agenda view. This is set to true by default.

Lastly, pressing

K

in the agenda buffer will cause habits to temporarily be disabled and they won't appear at all. Press

K

again to bring them back. They are also subject to tag filtering, if you have habits which should only be done in certain contexts, for example.

Priorities

If you use Org mode extensively, you may end up with enough TODO items that it starts to make sense to prioritize them. Prioritizing can be done by placing a priority cookie into the headline of a TODO item, like this:

   *** TODO [#A] Write letter to Sam Fortune

, is the highest priority. An entry without a cookie is treated just like priority

B

. Priorities make a difference only for sorting in the agenda (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Weekly/daily%20agenda); outside the agenda, they have no inherent meaning to Org mode. The cookies can be highlighted with special faces by customizing the variable org-priority-faces.

Priorities can be attached to any outline node; they do not need to be TODO items.

C-c XXX

Set the priority of the current headline (org-priority). The command prompts for a priority character or } instead, the priority cookie is removed from the headline. The priorities can also be changed ``remotely'' from the timeline and agenda buffer with the

\

command (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Agenda%20commands).

Increase/decrease priority of current headline.58 Note that these keys are also used to modify timestamps (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Creating%20timestamps). See also /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Conflicts, for a discussion of the interaction with shift-selection-mode.

You can change the range of allowed priorities by setting the variables org-highest-priority, org-lowest-priority, and org-default-priority. For an individual buffer, you may set these values (highest, lowest, default) like this (please make sure that the highest priority is earlier in the alphabet than the lowest priority):

   #+PRIORITIES: A C B

Breaking down tasks

It is often advisable to break down large tasks into smaller, manageable subtasks. You can do this by creating an outline tree below a TODO item, with detailed subtasks on the tree.59 To keep the overview over the fraction of subtasks that are already completed, insert either anywhere in the headline. These cookies will be updated each time the TODO status of a child changes, or when pressing

C-c C-c

on the cookie. For example:

   * Organize Party [33%]
   ** TODO Call people [1/2]
   *** TODO Peter
   *** DONE Sarah
   ** TODO Buy food
   ** DONE Talk to neighbor

If a heading has both checkboxes and TODO children below it, the meaning of the statistics cookie become ambiguous. Set the property COOKIE_DATA to either to resolve this issue.

If you would like to have the statistics cookie count any TODO entries in the subtree (not just direct children), configure the variable org-hierarchical-todo-statistics. To do this for a single subtree, include the word

recursive

into the value of the COOKIE_DATA property.

   * Parent capturing statistics [2/20]
     :PROPERTIES:
     :COOKIE_DATA: todo recursive
     :END:

If you would like a TODO entry to automatically change to DONE when all children are done, you can use the following setup:

(defun org-summary-todo (n-done n-not-done)
  "Switch entry to DONE when all subentries are done, to TODO otherwise."
  (let (org-log-done org-log-states)   ; turn off logging
    (org-todo (if (= n-not-done 0) "DONE" "TODO"))))

(add-hook 'org-after-todo-statistics-hook 'org-summary-todo)

Another possibility is the use of checkboxes to identify (a hierarchy of) a large number of subtasks (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Checkboxes).

Checkboxes

Every item in a plain list (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Plain%20lists) can be made into a checkbox by starting it with the string

[ ]

.60 This feature is similar to TODO items (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/TODO%20items), but is more lightweight. Checkboxes are not included into the global TODO list, so they are often great to split a task into a number of simple steps. Or you can use them in a shopping list. To toggle a checkbox, use

C-c C-c

, or use the mouse (thanks to Piotr Zielinski's

org-mouse.el

).

Here is an example of a checkbox list.

   * TODO Organize party [2/4]
     - [-] call people [1/3]
       - [ ] Peter
       - [X] Sarah
       - [ ] Sam
     - [X] order food
     - [ ] think about what music to play
     - [X] talk to the neighbors

Checkboxes work hierarchically, so if a checkbox item has children that are checkboxes, toggling one of the children checkboxes will make the parent checkbox reflect if none, some, or all of the children are checked.

The in the first and second line are cookies indicating how many checkboxes present in this entry have been checked off, and the total number of checkboxes present. This can give you an idea on how many checkboxes remain, even without opening a folded entry. The cookies can be placed into a headline or into (the first line of) a plain list item. Each cookie covers checkboxes of direct children structurally below the headline/item on which the cookie appears.61 You have to insert the cookie yourself by typing either . With result, as in the examples above. With

[%]

you get information about the percentage of checkboxes checked (in the above example, this would be , respectively). In a headline, a cookie can count either checkboxes below the heading or TODO states of children, and it will display whatever was changed last. Set the property COOKIE_DATA to either

checkbox

or

todo

to resolve this issue.

If the current outline node has an ORDERED property, checkboxes must be checked off in sequence, and an error will be thrown if you try to check off a box while there are unchecked boxes above it.

{{{noindent}}} The following commands work with checkboxes:

C-c C-c

, org-toggle-checkbox
Toggle checkbox status or (with prefix arg) checkbox presence at point. With a single prefix argument, add an empty checkbox or remove the current one.62 With a double prefix argument, set it to

[-]

, which is considered to be an intermediate state.

C-c C-x C-b

, org-toggle-checkbox

Toggle checkbox status or (with prefix arg) checkbox presence at point. With double prefix argument, set it to

[-]

, which is considered to be an intermediate state.

  • If there is an active region, toggle the first checkbox in the region and set all remaining boxes to the same status as the first. With a prefix arg, add or remove the checkbox for all items in the region.
  • If the cursor is in a headline, toggle checkboxes in the region between this headline and the next (so not the entire subtree).
  • If there is no active region, just toggle the checkbox at point.

, org-insert-todo-heading
Insert a new item with a checkbox. This works only if the cursor is already in a plain list item (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Plain%20lists).

C-c C-x o

, org-toggle-ordered-property

Toggle the ORDERED property of the entry, to toggle if checkboxes must be checked off in sequence. A property is used for this behavior because this should be local to the current entry, not inherited like a tag. However, if you would like to track the value of this property with a tag for better visibility, customize the variable org-track-ordered-property-with-tag.

C-c #

, org-update-statistics-cookies

Update the statistics cookie in the current outline entry. When called with a

C-u

prefix, update the entire file. Checkbox statistic cookies are updated automatically if you toggle checkboxes with

C-c C-c

and make new ones with

. TODO statistics cookies update when changing TODO states. If you delete boxes/entries or add/change them by hand, use this command to get things back into sync.

Tags

An excellent way to implement labels and contexts for cross-correlating information is to assign tags to headlines. Org mode has extensive support for tags.

Every headline can contain a list of tags; they occur at the end of the headline. Tags are normal words containing letters, numbers, . Tags must be preceded and followed by a single colon, e.g.,

:work:

. Several tags can be specified, as in

:work:urgent:

. Tags will by default be in bold face with the same color as the headline. You may specify special faces for specific tags using the variable org-tag-faces, in much the same way as you can for TODO keywords (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Faces%20for%20TODO%20keywords).

Tag inheritance

Tags make use of the hierarchical structure of outline trees. If a heading has a certain tag, all subheadings will inherit the tag as well. For example, in the list

   * Meeting with the French group      :work:
   ** Summary by Frank                  :boss:notes:
   *** TODO Prepare slides for him      :action:

(:work:)}}}, , and

:action:

even though the final heading is not explicitly marked with those tags. You can also set tags that all entries in a file should inherit just as if these tags were defined in a hypothetical level zero that surrounds the entire file. Use a line like this:63

   #+FILETAGS: :Peter:Boss:Secret:

{{{noindent}}} To limit tag inheritance to specific tags, or to turn it off entirely, use the variables org-use-tag-inheritance and org-tags-exclude-from-inheritance.

When a headline matches during a tags search while tag inheritance is turned on, all the sublevels in the same tree will (for a simple match form) match as well.64 The list of matches may then become very long. If you only want to see the first tags match in a subtree, configure the variable org-tags-match-list-sublevels (not recommended).

Setting tags

Tags can simply be typed into the buffer at the end of a headline. After a colon,

offers completion on tags. There is also a special command for inserting tags:

C-c C-q

, org-set-tags-command

Enter new tags for the current headline. Org mode will either offer completion or a special single-key interface for setting tags, see below. After pressing

RET

, the tags will be inserted and aligned to org-tags-column. When called with a

C-u

prefix, all tags in the current buffer will be aligned to that column, just to make things look nice. TAGS are automatically realigned after promotion, demotion, and TODO state changes (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/TODO%20basics).

C-c C-c

, org-set-tags-command

When the cursor is in a headline, this does the same as

C-c C-q

.

Org supports tag insertion based on a list of tags. By default this list is constructed dynamically, containing all tags currently used in the buffer. You may also globally specify a hard list of tags with the variable org-tag-alist. Finally you can set the default tags for a given file with lines like

   #+TAGS: @work @home @tennisclub
   #+TAGS: laptop car pc sailboat

If you have globally defined your preferred set of tags using the variable org-tag-alist, but would like to use a dynamic tag list in a specific file, add an empty TAGS option line to that file:

   #+TAGS:

If you have a preferred set of tags that you would like to use in every file, in addition to those defined on a per-file basis by TAGS option lines, then you may specify a list of tags with the variable org-tag-persistent-alist. You may turn this off on a per-file basis by adding a STARTUP option line to that file:

   #+STARTUP: noptag

By default Org mode uses the standard minibuffer completion facilities for entering tags. However, it also implements another, quicker, tag selection method called fast tag selection. This allows you to select and deselect tags with just a single key press. For this to work well you should assign unique letters to most of your commonly used tags. You can do this globally by configuring the variable org-tag-alist in your

.emacs

file. For example, you may find the need to tag many items in different files with

:fo:}@@

. In this case you can set something like:

(setq org-tag-alist '(("@@work" . ?w) ("@@home" . ?h) ("laptop" . ?l)))

{{{noindent}}} If the tag is only relevant to the file you are working on, then you can instead set the TAGS option line as:

   #+TAGS: @work(w)  @home(h)  @tennisclub(t)  laptop(l)  pc(p)

{{{noindent}}} The tags interface will show the available tags in a splash window. If you want to start a new line after a specific tag, insert \n into the tag list, like this:

   #+TAGS: @work(w)  @home(h)  @tennisclub(t) \n laptop(l)  pc(p)

{{{noindent}}} or write them in two lines:

   #+TAGS: @work(w)  @home(h)  @tennisclub(t)
   #+TAGS: laptop(l)  pc(p)

{{{noindent}}} You can also group together tags that are mutually exclusive by using braces, as in:

   #+TAGS: { @work(w)  @home(h)  @tennisclub(t) }  laptop(l)  pc(p)

, should be selected. Multiple such groups are allowed.

with the cursor in one of these lines to activate any changes.

{{{noindent}}} To set these mutually exclusive groups in the variable org-tags-alist, you must use the dummy tags :startgroup and :endgroup instead of the braces. Similarly, you can use :newline to indicate a line break. The previous example would be set globally by the following configuration:

(setq org-tag-alist '((:startgroup . nil)
                      ("@@work" . ?w) ("@@home" . ?h)
                      ("@@tennisclub" . ?t)
                      (:endgroup . nil)
                      ("laptop" . ?l) ("pc" . ?p)))

If at least one tag has a selection key then pressing

C-c C-c

will automatically present you with a special interface, listing inherited tags, the tags of the current headline, and a list of all valid tags with corresponding keys.65 In this interface, you can use the following keys:

a-z…

Pressing keys assigned to tags will add or remove them from the list of tags in the current line. Selecting a tag in a group of mutually exclusive tags will turn off any other tags from that group.

TAB

Enter a tag in the minibuffer, even if the tag is not in the predefined list. You will be able to complete on all tags present in the buffer. You can also add several tags: just separate them with a comma.

SPC

Clear all tags for this line.

RET

Accept the modified set.

C-g
Abort without installing changes.
q
If .
!
Turn off groups of mutually exclusive tags. Use this to (as an exception) assign several tags from such a group.
C-c
Toggle auto-exit after the next change (see below). If you are using expert mode, the first

C-c

will display the selection window.

dline with very few keys. With the above setup, you could clear the current tags and set tags with just the following keys: to or alternatively with

C-c C-c C-c w

. Adding the non-predefined tag

Sarah

could be done with

{{{kbd(C-c C-c

.

If you find that most of the time you need only a single key press to modify your list of tags, set the variable org-fast-tag-selection-single-key. Then you no longer have to press

RET

to exit fast tag selection—it will immediately exit after the first change. If you then occasionally need more keys, press

C-c

to turn off auto-exit for the current tag selection process (in effect: start selection with

C-c C-c C-c

instead of

C-c C-c

). If you set the variable to the value expert, the special window is not even shown for single-key tag selection, it comes up only when you press an extra

C-c

.

Tag searches

Once a system of tags has been set up, it can be used to collect related information into special lists.

C-c / m

, C-c \ org-match-sparse-tree
Create a sparse tree with all headlines matching a tags search. With a

C-u

prefix argument, ignore headlines that are not a TODO line.

C-c a m

, org-tags-view

Create a global list of tag matches from all agenda files. See /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Matching%20tags%20and%20properties.

C-c a M

, org-tags-view

Create a global list of tag matches from all agenda files, but check only TODO items and force checking subitems (see variable org-tags-match-list-sublevels).

These commands all prompt for a match string which allows basic Boolean logic like

+boss+urgent-project1

, to find entries with tags , but not to find entries which are tagged, like . The full syntax of the search string is rich and allows also matching against TODO keywords, entry levels and properties. For a complete description with many examples, see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Matching%20tags%20and%20properties.

Properties and columns

A property is a key-value pair associated with an entry. Properties can be set so they are associated with a single entry, with every entry in a tree, or with every entry in an Org mode file.

There are two main applications for properties in Org mode. First, properties are like tags, but with a value. Imagine maintaining a file where you document bugs and plan releases for a piece of software. Instead of using tags like :release_1:, :release_2:, you can use a property, say :Release:, that in different subtrees has different values, such as 1.0 or 2.0. Second, you can use properties to implement (very basic) database capabilities in an Org buffer. Imagine keeping track of your music CDs, where properties could be things such as the album, artist, date of release, number of tracks, and so on.

Properties can be conveniently edited and viewed in column view (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Column%20view).

Property syntax

Properties are key-value pairs. When they are associated with a single entry or with a tree they need to be inserted into a special drawer (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Drawers) with the name PROPERTIES. Each property is specified on a single line, with the key (surrounded by colons) first, and the value after it. Here is an example:

   * CD collection
   ** Classic
   *** Goldberg Variations
   ,    :PROPERTIES:
   ,    :Title:     Goldberg Variations
   ,    :Composer:  J.S. Bach
   ,    :Artist:    Glen Gould
   ,    :Publisher: Deutsche Grammophon
   ,    :NDisks:    1
   ,    :END:

Depending on the value of org-use-property-inheritance, a property set this way will either be associated with a single entry, or the sub-tree defined by the entry, see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Property%20inheritance.

You may define the allowed values for a particular property . This special property is inherited, so if you set it in a level 1 entry, it will apply to the entire tree. When allowed values are defined, setting the corresponding property becomes easier and is less prone to typing errors. For the example with the CD collection, we can predefine publishers and the number of disks in a box like this:

   * CD collection
   ,  :PROPERTIES:
   ,  :NDisks_ALL:  1 2 3 4
   ,  :Publisher_ALL: "Deutsche Grammophon" Philips EMI
   ,  :END:

If you want to set properties that can be inherited by any entry in a file, use a line like:

   #+PROPERTY: NDisks_ALL 1 2 3 4

If you want to add to the value of an existing property, append a + to the property name. The following results in the property var having the value ``foo=1 bar=2''.

   #+PROPERTY: var  foo=1
   #+PROPERTY: var+ bar=2

It is also possible to add to the values of inherited properties. The following results in the genres property having the value ``Classic Baroque'' under the Goldberg Variations subtree.

   * CD collection
   ** Classic
   ,    :PROPERTIES:
   ,    :GENRES: Classic
   ,    :END:
   *** Goldberg Variations
   ,    :PROPERTIES:
   ,    :Title:     Goldberg Variations
   ,    :Composer:  J.S. Bach
   ,    :Artist:    Glen Gould
   ,    :Publisher: Deutsche Grammophon
   ,    :NDisks:    1
   ,    :GENRES+:   Baroque
   ,    :END:

Note that a property can only have one entry per Drawer.

Property values set with the global variable org-global-properties can be inherited by all entries in all Org files.

{{{noindent}}} The following commands help to work with properties:

, pcomplete

After an initial colon in a line, complete property keys. All keys used in the current file will be offered as possible completions.

C-c C-x p

, org-set-property

Set a property. This prompts for a property name and a value. If necessary, the property drawer is created as well.

C-u M-x org-insert-drawer RET

Insert a property drawer into the current entry. The drawer will be inserted early in the entry, but after the lines with planning information like deadlines.

C-c C-c

, org-property-action

With the cursor in a property drawer, this executes property commands.

C-c C-c s

, org-set-property

Set a property in the current entry. Both the property and the value can be inserted using completion.

, org-property-next-allowed-value org-property-previous-allowed-value

Switch property at point to the next/previous allowed value.

C-c C-c d

, org-delete-property

Remove a property from the current entry.

C-c C-c D

, org-delete-property-globally

Globally remove a property, from all entries in the current file.

C-c C-c c

, org-compute-property-at-point

Compute the property at point, using the operator and scope from the nearest column format definition.

Special properties

Special properties provide an alternative access method to Org mode features, like the TODO state or the priority of an entry, discussed in the previous chapters. This interface exists so that you can include these states in a column view (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Column%20view), or to use them in queries. The following property names are special and (except for :CATEGORY:) should not be used as keys in the properties drawer:

ID A globally unique ID used for synchronization during
iCalendar or MobileOrg export.
TODO The TODO keyword of the entry.
TAGS The tags defined directly in the headline.
ALLTAGS All tags, including inherited ones.
CATEGORY The category of an entry.
PRIORITY The priority of the entry, a string with a single letter.
DEADLINE The deadline time string, without the angular brackets.
SCHEDULED The scheduling timestamp, without the angular brackets.
CLOSED When was this entry closed?
TIMESTAMP The first keyword-less timestamp in the entry.
TIMESTAMP_IA The first inactive timestamp in the entry.
CLOCKSUM The sum of CLOCK intervals in the subtree. org-clock-sum
must be run first to compute the values in the current buffer.
CLOCKSUM_T The sum of CLOCK intervals in the subtree for today.
org-clock-sum-today must be run first to compute the
values in the current buffer.
BLOCKED "t" if task is currently blocked by children or siblings
ITEM The headline of the entry.
FILE The filename the entry is located in.

Property searches

To create sparse trees and special lists with selection based on properties, the same commands are used as for tag searches (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Tag%20searches).

C-c / m

, C-c \ org-match-sparse-tree

Create a sparse tree with all matching entries. With a

C-u

prefix argument, ignore headlines that are not a TODO line.

C-c a m

, org-tags-view

Create a global list of tag/property matches from all agenda files. See /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Matching%20tags%20and%20properties.

C-c a M

, org-tags-view

Create a global list of tag matches from all agenda files, but check only TODO items and force checking of subitems (see variable org-tags-match-list-sublevels).

The syntax for the search string is described in [[Matching tags and properties]].

There is also a special command for creating sparse trees based on a single property:

C-c / p

Create a sparse tree based on the value of a property. This first prompts for the name of a property, and then for a value. A sparse tree is created with all entries that define this property with the given value. If you enclose the value in curly braces, it is interpreted as a regular expression and matched against the property values.

Property inheritance

The outline structure of Org mode documents lends itself to an inheritance model of properties: if the parent in a tree has a certain property, the children can inherit this property. Org mode does not turn this on by default, because it can slow down property searches significantly and is often not needed. However, if you find inheritance useful, you can turn it on by setting the variable org-use-property-inheritance. It may be set to t to make all properties inherited from the parent, to a list of properties that should be inherited, or to a regular expression that matches inherited properties. If a property has the value

nil

, this is interpreted as an explicit undefine of the property, so that inheritance search will stop at this value and return nil.

Org mode has a few properties for which inheritance is hard-coded, at least for the special applications for which they are used:

COLUMNS

The :COLUMNS: property defines the format of column view (see [[Column view]]). It is inherited in the sense that the level where a :COLUMNS: property is defined is used as the starting point for a column view table, independently of the location in the subtree from where columns view is turned on.

CATEGORY

For agenda view, a category set through a :CATEGORY: property applies to the entire subtree.

ARCHIVE

For archiving, the :ARCHIVE: property may define the archive location for the entire subtree (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Moving%20subtrees).

LOGGING

The LOGGING property may define logging settings for an entry or a subtree (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Tracking%20TODO%20state%20changes).

Column view

A great way to view and edit properties in an outline tree is column view. In column view, each outline node is turned into a table row. Columns in this table provide access to properties of the entries. Org mode implements columns by overlaying a tabular structure over the headline of each item. While the headlines have been turned into a table row, you can still change the visibility of the outline tree. For example, you get a compact table by switching to CONTENTS view ( while column view is active), but you can still open, read, and edit the entry below each headline. Or, you can switch to column view after executing a sparse tree command and in this way get a table only for the selected items. Column view also works in agenda buffers (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Agenda%20views) where queries have collected selected items, possibly from a number of files.

Defining columns

Setting up a column view first requires defining the columns. This is done by defining a column format line.

Scope of column definitions

To define a column format for an entire file, use a line like:

   #+COLUMNS: %25ITEM %TAGS %PRIORITY %TODO

To specify a format that only applies to a specific tree, add a :COLUMNS: property to the top node of that tree, for example:

   ** Top node for columns view
   ,   :PROPERTIES:
   ,   :COLUMNS: %25ITEM %TAGS %PRIORITY %TODO
   ,   :END:

If a :COLUMNS: property is present in an entry, it defines columns for the entry itself, and for the entire subtree below it. Since the column definition is part of the hierarchical structure of the document, you can define columns on level 1 that are general enough for all sublevels, and more specific columns further down, when you edit a deeper part of the tree.

Column attributes

A column definition sets the attributes of a column. The general definition looks like this:

%[}]

{{{noindent}}} Except for the percent sign and the property name, all items are optional. The individual parts have the following meaning:

Variable Meaning

width

 An integer specifying the width of the column in characters.
If omitted, the width will be determined automatically.

property

 The property that should be edited in this column.
Special properties representing meta data are allowed here
as well (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Special%20properties)

title

 The header text for the column. If omitted, the property
name is used.

summary-type

 The summary type. If specified, the column values for
parent nodes are computed from the children.

{{{noindent}}} Supported summary types are:

Type Meaning
+ Sum numbers in this column.
+;%.1f Like +, but format result with

%.1f

.
$ Currency, short for

+;%.2f

.
: Sum times, HH:MM, plain numbers are hours.
X Checkbox status, .
X/ Checkbox status,

[n/m]

.
X% Checkbox status,

[n%]

.
min Smallest number in column.
max Largest number.
mean Arithmetic mean of numbers.
:min Smallest time value in column.
:max Largest time value.
:mean Arithmetic mean of time values.
@min Minimum age (in days/hours/mins/seconds).
@max Maximum age (in days/hours/mins/seconds).
@mean Arithmetic mean of ages (in days/hours/mins/seconds).
est+ Add low-high estimates.

{{{noindent}}} Be aware that you can only have one summary type for any property you include. Subsequent columns referencing the same property will all display the same summary information.

The est+ summary type requires further explanation. It is used for combining estimates, expressed as low-high ranges. For example, instead of estimating a particular task will take 5 days, you might estimate it as 5-6 days if you're fairly confident you know how much work is required, or 1-10 days if you don't really know what needs to be done. Both ranges average at 5.5 days, but the first represents a more predictable delivery.

When combining a set of such estimates, simply adding the lows and highs produces an unrealistically wide result. Instead, est+ adds the statistical mean and variance of the sub-tasks, generating a final estimate from the sum. For example, suppose you had ten tasks, each of which was estimated at 0.5 to 2 days of work. Straight addition produces an estimate of 5 to 20 days, representing what to expect if everything goes either extremely well or extremely poorly. In contrast, est+ estimates the full job more realistically, at 10-15 days.

Here is an example for a complete columns definition, along with allowed values.66

   :COLUMNS:  %25ITEM %9Approved(Approved?){X} %Owner %11Status \
                      %10Time_Estimate{:} %CLOCKSUM %CLOCKSUM_T
   :Owner_ALL:    Tammy Mark Karl Lisa Don
   :Status_ALL:   "In progress" "Not started yet" "Finished" ""
   :Approved_ALL: "[ ]" "[X]"

, means the first 25 characters of the item itself, i.e., of the headline. You probably always should start the column definition with the

ITEM

specifier. The other specifiers create columns

Owner

with a list of names as allowed values, for

Status

with four different possible values, and for a checkbox field character, the column will be exactly as wide as it needs to be in order to fully display all values. The

Approved

column does have a modified title (

Approved?

, with a question mark). Summaries will be created for the

Time_Estimate

column by adding time duration expressions like HH:MM, and for the status if all children have been checked. The

CLOCKSUM

and

CLOCKSUM_T

columns are special, they lists the sums of CLOCK intervals in the subtree, either for all clocks or just for today.

Using column view

The following commands turn column view on or off:

C-c C-x C-c

, org-columns

Turn on column view. If the cursor is before the first headline in the file, column view is turned on for the entire file, using the #+COLUMNS definition. If the cursor is somewhere inside the outline, this command searches the hierarchy, up from point, for a :COLUMNS: property that defines a format. When one is found, the column view table is established for the tree starting at the entry that contains the :COLUMNS: property. If no such property is found, the format is taken from the #+COLUMNS line or from the variable org-columns-default-format, and column view is established for the current entry and its subtree.

r

, org-columns-redo

Recreate the column view, to include recent changes made in the buffer.

g

, org-columns-redo

Same as

r

.

q

, org-columns-quit

Exit column view.

The following commands let you edit information in column view:

Move through the column view from field to field.

Switch to the next/previous allowed value of the field. For this, you have to have specified allowed values for a property.

1..9\

Directly select the Nth allowed value,

0

selects the 10th value.

, org-columns-next-allowed-value org-columns-previous-allowed-value

Same as

e

, org-columns-edit-value

Edit the property at point. For the special properties, this will invoke the same interface that you normally use to change that property. For example, when editing a TAGS property, the tag completion or fast selection interface will pop up.

C-c C-c

, org-columns-set-tags-or-toggle

When there is a checkbox at point, toggle it.

v

, org-columns-show-value

View the full value of this property. This is useful if the width of the column is smaller than that of the value.

a

, org-columns-edit-allowed

Edit the list of allowed values for this property. If the list is found in the hierarchy, the modified values is stored there. If no list is found, the new value is stored in the first entry that is part of the current column view.

The following commands modify column view on-the-fly:

, org-columns-narrow org-columns-widen

Make the column narrower/wider by one character.

, org-columns-new

Insert a new column, to the left of the current column.

, org-columns-delete

Delete the current column.

Capturing column view

Since column view is just an overlay over a buffer, it cannot be exported or printed directly. If you want to capture a column view, use a columnview dynamic block (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Dynamic%20blocks). The frame of this block looks like this:

   * The column view
   #+BEGIN: columnview :hlines 1 :id "label"

   #+END:

{{{noindent}}} This dynamic block has the following parameters:

:id

This is the most important parameter. Column view is a feature that is often localized to a certain (sub)tree, and the capture block might be at a different location in the file. To identify the tree whose view to capture, you can use 4 values:

Value Meaning
local Use the tree in which the capture block is located.
global Make a global view, including all headings in the file.
file:PATH-TO-FILE Run column view at the top of this file.
ID Call column view in the tree that has an :ID:
property with the value label. You can use

M-x org-id-copy

to create a globally unique ID for
the current entry and copy it to the kill-ring.
local
Use the tree in which the capture block is located.
global
Make a global view, including all headings in the file.
file:PATH-TO-FILE
Run column view at the top of this file.
ID
Call column view in the tree that has an :ID: property with the value label. You can use

M-x org-id-copy

to create a globally unique ID for the current entry and copy it to the kill-ring.
:hlines
When t, insert an hline after every line. When a number N, insert an hline before each headline with level <=

N

.
:vlines
When set to t, force column groups to get vertical lines.
:maxlevel
When set to a number, don't capture entries below this level.
:skip-empty-rows
When set to t, skip rows where the only non-empty specifier of the column view is ITEM.

{{{noindent}}} The following commands insert or update the dynamic block:

C-c C-x i

, org-insert-columns-dblock

Insert a dynamic block capturing a column view. You will be prompted for the scope or ID of the view.

, org-dblock-update

Update dynamic block at point. The cursor needs to be in the #+BEGIN line of the dynamic block.

C-u C-c C-x C-u

, org-update-all-dblocks

Update all dynamic blocks (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Dynamic%20blocks). This is useful if you have several clock table blocks, column-capturing blocks or other dynamic blocks in a buffer.

You can add formulas to the column view table and you may add plotting instructions in front of the table—these will survive an update of the block. If there is a #+TBLFM: after the table, the table will actually be recalculated automatically after an update.

An alternative way to capture and process property values into a table is provided by Eric Schulte's

org-collector.el

which is a contributed package.67 It provides a general API to collect properties from entries in a certain scope, and arbitrary Lisp expressions to process these values before inserting them into a table or a dynamic block.

Property API

There is a full API for accessing and changing properties. This API can be used by Emacs Lisp programs to work with properties and to implement features based on them. For more information see [[Using the property API]].

Dates and times

To assist project planning, TODO items can be labeled with a date and/or a time. The specially formatted string carrying the date and time information is called a timestamp in Org mode. This may be a little confusing because timestamp is often used as indicating when something was created or last changed. However, in Org mode this term is used in a much wider sense.

Timestamps

A timestamp is a specification of a date (possibly with a time or a range of times) in a special format, either <2003-09-16 Tue> or <2003-09-16 Tue 09:39> or <2003-09-16 Tue 12:00-12:30>.68 A timestamp can appear anywhere in the headline or body of an Org tree entry. Its presence causes entries to be shown on specific dates in the agenda (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Weekly/daily%20agenda). We distinguish:

Plain timestamp; Event; Appointment

A simple timestamp just assigns a date/time to an item. This is just like writing down an appointment or event in a paper agenda. In the timeline and agenda displays, the headline of an entry associated with a plain timestamp will be shown exactly on that date.

   * Meet Peter at the movies
     <2006-11-01 Wed 19:15>
   * Discussion on climate change
     <2006-11-02 Thu 20:00-22:00>
Timestamp with repeater interval

A timestamp may contain a repeater interval, indicating that it applies not only on the given date, but again and again after a certain interval of N days (d), weeks (w), months (m), or years (y). The following will show up in the agenda every Wednesday:

   * Pick up Sam at school
     <2007-05-16 Wed 12:30 +1w>
Diary-style sexp entries

For more complex date specifications, Org mode supports using the special sexp diary entries implemented in the Emacs calendar/diary package.69 For example, with optional time:

   * 22:00-23:00 The nerd meeting on every 2nd Thursday of the month
     <%%(org-float t 4 2)>
Time/Date range

Two timestamps connected by

–

denote a range. The headline will be shown on the first and last day of the range, and on any dates that are displayed and fall in the range. Here is an example:

   ** Meeting in Amsterdam
      <2004-08-23 Mon>--<2004-08-26 Thu>
Inactive timestamp

Just like a plain timestamp, but with square brackets instead of angular ones. These timestamps are inactive in the sense that they do not trigger an entry to show up in the agenda.

   * Gillian comes late for the fifth time
     [2006-11-01 Wed]

Creating timestamps

For Org mode to recognize timestamps, they need to be in the specific format. All commands listed below produce timestamps in the correct format.

C-c .

, org-time-stamp

Prompt for a date and insert a corresponding timestamp. When the cursor is at an existing timestamp in the buffer, the command is used to modify this timestamp instead of inserting a new one. When this command is used twice in succession, a time range is inserted.

C-c !

, org-time-stamp-inactive

Like

C-c .

, but insert an inactive timestamp that will not cause an agenda entry.

Like , but use the alternative format which contains date and time. The default time can be rounded to multiples of 5 minutes, see the option org-time-stamp-rounding-minutes.

C-c C-c

Normalize timestamp, insert/fix day name if missing or wrong.

C-c <

, org-date-from-calendar

Insert a timestamp corresponding to the cursor date in the Calendar.

C-c >

, org-goto-calendar

Access the Emacs calendar for the current date. If there is a timestamp in the current line, go to the corresponding date instead.

C-c C-o

, org-open-at-point

Access the agenda for the date given by the timestamp or -range at point (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Weekly/daily%20agenda).

, org-timestamp-down-day org-timestamp-up-day

Change date at cursor by one day. These key bindings conflict with shift-selection and related modes (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Conflicts).

, org-timestamp-up org-timestamp-down-down

Change the item under the cursor in a timestamp. The cursor can be on a year, month, day, hour or minute. When the timestamp contains a time range like

15:30-16:30

, modifying the first time will also shift the second, shifting the time block with constant length. To change the length, modify the second time. Note that if the cursor is in a headline and not at a timestamp, these same keys modify the priority of an item. (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Priorities). The key bindings also conflict with shift-selection and related modes (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Conflicts).

C-c C-y

, org-evaluate-time-range

Evaluate a time range by computing the difference between start and end. With a prefix argument, insert result after the time range (in a table: into the following column).

The date/time prompt

When Org mode prompts for a date/time, the default is shown in default date/time format, and the prompt therefore seems to ask for a specific format. But it will in fact accept date/time information in a variety of formats. Generally, the information should start at the beginning of the string. Org mode will find whatever information is in there and derive anything you have not specified from the default date and time. The default is usually the current date and time, but when modifying an existing timestamp, or when entering the second stamp of a range, it is taken from the stamp in the buffer. When filling in information, Org mode assumes that most of the time you will want to enter a date in the future: if you omit the month/year and the given day/month is before today, it will assume that you mean a future date.70 If the date has been automatically shifted into the future, the time prompt will show this with .

For example, let's assume that today is June 13, 2006. Here is how various inputs will be interpreted, the items filled in by Org mode are in bold.

Input Interpretation
3-2-5 {{{result}}} 2003-02-05
2/5/3 {{{result}}} 2003-02-05
14 {{{result}}} 2006-06-14
12 {{{result}}} 2006-07-12
2/5 {{{result}}} 2007-02-05
Fri {{{result}}} nearest Friday (default date or later)
sep 15 {{{result}}} 2006-09-15
feb 15 {{{result}}} 2007-02-15
sep 12 9 {{{result}}} 2009-09-12
12:45 {{{result}}} 2006-06-13 12:45
22 sept 0:34 {{{result}}} 2006-09-22 0:34
w4 {{{result}}} ISO week for of the current year 2006
2012 w4 fri {{{result}}} Friday of ISO week 4 in 2012
2012-w04-5 {{{result}}} Same as above

Furthermore you can specify a relative date by giving, as the first thing in the input: a plus/minus sign, a number and a letter ([dwmy]) to indicate change in days, weeks, months, or years. With a single plus or minus, the date is always relative to today. With a double plus or minus, it is relative to the default date. If instead of a single letter, you use the abbreviation of day name, the date will be the Nth such day, e.g.:

Input Interpretation
+0 {{{result}}} today
. {{{result}}} today
+4d {{{result}}} four days from today
+4 {{{result}}} same as +4d
+2w {{{result}}} two weeks from today
++5 {{{result}}} five days from default date
+2tue {{{result}}} second Tuesday from now

The function understands English month and weekday abbreviations. If you want to use unabbreviated names and/or other languages, configure the variables parse-time-months and parse-time-weekdays.

Not all dates can be represented in a given Emacs implementation. By default Org mode forces dates into the compatibility range 1970–2037 which works on all Emacs implementations. If you want to use dates outside of this range, read the docstring of the variable org-read-date-force-compatible-dates.

You can specify a time range by giving start and end times or by giving a start time and a duration (in HH:MM format). Use one or two dash(es) as the separator in the former case and use '+' as the separator in the latter case, e.g.:

Range Result
11am-1:15pm {{{result}}} 11:00-13:15
11am–1:15pm {{{result}}} same as above
11am+2:15 {{{result}}} same as above

Parallel to the minibuffer prompt, a calendar is popped up.71 When you exit the date prompt, either by clicking on a date in the calendar, or by pressing

RET

, the date selected in the calendar will be combined with the information entered at the prompt. You can control the calendar fully from the minibuffer:

Key binding Meaning

RET

 Choose date at cursor in calendar.

mouse-1

 Select date by clicking on it.

One day forward.

One day backward.

One week forward.

One week backward.

One month forward.

One month backward.

>

 Scroll calendar forward by one month.

<

 Scroll calendar backward by one month.

M-v

 Scroll calendar forward by 3 months.

C-v

 Scroll calendar backward by 3 months.

The actions of the date/time prompt may seem complex, but I assure you they will grow on you, and you will start getting annoyed by pretty much any other way of entering a date/time out there. To help you understand what is going on, the current interpretation of your input will be displayed live in the minibuffer.72

Custom time format

Org mode uses the standard ISO notation for dates and times as it is defined in ISO 8601. If you cannot get used to this and require another representation of date and time to keep you happy, you can get it by customizing the variables org-display-custom-times and org-time-stamp-custom-formats.

C-c C-x C-t

, org-toggle-time-stamp-overlays

Toggle the display of custom formats for dates and times.

{{{noindent}}} Org mode needs the default format for scanning, so the custom date/time format does not replace the default format—instead it is put over the default format using text properties. This has the following consequences:

  • You cannot place the cursor onto a timestamp anymore, only before or after.
  • The keys can no longer be used to adjust each component of a timestamp. If the cursor is at the beginning of the stamp,

    will change the stamp by one day, just like . At the end of the stamp, the time will be changed by one minute.
  • If the timestamp contains a range of clock times or a repeater, these will not be overlaid, but remain in the buffer as they were.
  • When you delete a timestamp character-by-character, it will only disappear from the buffer after all (invisible) characters belonging to the ISO timestamp have been removed.
  • If the custom timestamp format is longer than the default and you are using dates in tables, table alignment will be messed up. If the custom format is shorter, things do work as expected.

Deadlines and scheduling

A timestamp may be preceded by special keywords to facilitate planning:

DEADLINE

Meaning: the task (most likely a TODO item, though not necessarily) is supposed to be finished on that date.

On the deadline date, the task will be listed in the agenda. In addition, the agenda for today will carry a warning about the approaching or missed deadline, starting org-deadline-warning-days before the due date, and continuing until the entry is marked DONE. An example:

   *** TODO write article about the Earth for the Guide
       DEADLINE: <2004-02-29 Sun>
       The editor in charge is [[bbdb:Ford Prefect]]

You can specify a different lead time for warnings for a specific deadlines using the following syntax. Here is an example with a warning period of 5 days DEADLINE: <2004-02-29 Sun -5d>.

SCHEDULED

Meaning: you are planning to start working on that task on the given date.

The headline will be listed under the given date.73 In addition, a reminder that the scheduled date has passed will be present in the compilation for today, until the entry is marked DONE, i.e., the task will automatically be forwarded until completed.

   *** TODO Call Trillian for a date on New Years Eve.
       SCHEDULED: <2004-12-25 Sat>

{{{noindent}}} Important: Scheduling an item in Org mode should not be understood in the same way that we understand scheduling a meeting. Setting a date for a meeting is just a simple appointment, you should mark this entry with a simple plain timestamp, to get this item shown on the date where it applies. This is a frequent misunderstanding by Org users. In Org mode, scheduling means setting a date when you want to start working on an action item.

You may use timestamps with repeaters in scheduling and deadline entries. Org mode will issue early and late warnings based on the assumption that the timestamp represents the nearest instance of the repeater. However, the use of diary sexp entries like

<%%(org-float t 42)>

in scheduling and deadline timestamps is limited. Org mode does not know enough about the internals of each sexp function to issue early and late warnings. However, it will show the item on each day where the sexp entry matches.

Inserting deadline/schedule

The following commands allow you to quickly insert a deadline or to schedule an item:74

C-c C-d

, org-deadline

Insert

DEADLINE

keyword along with a stamp. The insertion will happen in the line directly following the headline. Any CLOSED timestamp will be removed. When called with a prefix arg, an existing deadline will be removed from the entry. Depending on the variable org-log-redeadline, a note will be taken when changing an existing deadline.75

C-c C-s

, org-schedule

Insert

SCHEDULED

keyword along with a stamp. The insertion will happen in the line directly following the headline. Any

CLOSED

timestamp will be removed. When called with a prefix argument, remove the scheduling date from the entry. Depending on the variable org-log-reschedule, a note will be taken when changing an existing scheduling time.76

C-c C-x C-k

, org-mark-entry-for-agenda-action

Mark the current entry for agenda action. After you have marked the entry like this, you can open the agenda or the calendar to find an appropriate date. With the cursor on the selected date, press to schedule the marked item.

C-c / d

, org-check-deadlines

Create a sparse tree with all deadlines that are either past-due, or which will become due within org-deadline-warning-days. With

C-u

prefix, show all deadlines in the file. With a numeric prefix, check that many days. For example,

C-1 C-c / d

shows all deadlines due tomorrow.

C-c / b

, org-check-before-date

Sparse tree for deadlines and scheduled items before a given date.

C-c / a

, org-check-after-date

Sparse tree for deadlines and scheduled items after a given date.

Note that org-schedule and org-deadline supports setting the date by indicating a relative time: e.g. +1d will set the date to the next day after today, and –1w will set the date to the previous week before any current timestamp.

Repeated tasks

Some tasks need to be repeated again and again. Org mode helps to organize such tasks using a so-called repeater in a DEADLINE, SCHEDULED, or plain timestamp. In the following example:

   ** TODO Pay the rent
      DEADLINE: <2005-10-01 Sat +1m>

{{{noindent}}} the +1m is a repeater; the intended interpretation is that the task has a deadline on <2005-10-01 Sat> and repeats itself every (one) month starting from that time. You can use yearly, monthly, weekly, daily and hourly repeat cookies by using the y/w/m/d/h letters. If you need both a repeater and a special warning period in a deadline entry, the repeater should come first and the warning period last: DEADLINE: <2005-10-01 Sat +1m -3d>.

Deadlines and scheduled items produce entries in the agenda when they are over-due, so it is important to be able to mark such an entry as completed once you have done so. When you mark a DEADLINE or a SCHEDULE with the TODO keyword DONE, it will no longer produce entries in the agenda. The problem with this is, however, that then also the next instance of the repeated entry will not be active. Org mode deals with this in the following way: When you try to mark such an entry DONE (using

C-c C-t

), it will shift the base date of the repeating timestamp by the repeater interval, and immediately set the entry state back to TODO.77 In the example above, setting the state to DONE would actually switch the date like this:

   ** TODO Pay the rent
      DEADLINE: <2005-11-01 Tue +1m>

A timestamp will be added under the deadline, to keep a record that you actually acted on the previous instance of this deadline.78

As a consequence of shifting the base date, this entry will no longer be visible in the agenda when checking past dates, but all future instances will be visible.

With the

+1m

cookie, the date shift will always be exactly one month. So if you have not paid the rent for three months, marking this entry DONE will still keep it as an overdue deadline. Depending on the task, this may not be the best way to handle it. For example, if you forgot to call your father for 3 weeks, it does not make sense to call him 3 times in a single day to make up for it. Finally, there are tasks like changing batteries which should always repeat a certain time after the last time you did it. For these tasks, Org mode has special repeaters . For example:

   ** TODO Call Father
      DEADLINE: <2008-02-10 Sun ++1w>
      Marking this DONE will shift the date by at least one week,
      but also by as many weeks as it takes to get this date into
      the future.  However, it stays on a Sunday, even if you called
      and marked it done on Saturday.
   ** TODO Check the batteries in the smoke detectors
      DEADLINE: <2005-11-01 Tue .+1m>
      Marking this DONE will shift the date to one month after
      today.

You may have both scheduling and deadline information for a specific task—just make sure that the repeater intervals on both are the same.

An alternative to using a repeater is to create a number of copies of a task subtree, with dates shifted in each copy. The command

C-c C-x c

was created for this purpose, it is described in /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Structure%20editing.

Clocking work time

Org mode allows you to clock the time you spend on specific tasks in a project. When you start working on an item, you can start the clock. When you stop working on that task, or when you mark the task done, the clock is stopped and the corresponding time interval is recorded. It also computes the total time spent on each subtree of a project.79 And it remembers a history or tasks recently clocked, to that you can jump quickly between a number of tasks absorbing your time.

To save the clock history across Emacs sessions, use:

  (setq org-clock-persist 'history)
  (org-clock-persistence-insinuate)

When you clock into a new task after resuming Emacs, the incomplete clock will be found (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Resolving%20idle%20time) and you will be prompted about what to do with it.80

Clocking commands

C-c C-x C-i

, org-clock-in

Start the clock on the current item (clock-in). This inserts the CLOCK keyword together with a timestamp. If this is not the first clocking of this item, the multiple CLOCK lines will be wrapped into a :LOGBOOK: drawer (see also the variable org-clock-into-drawer). You can also overrule the setting of this variable for a subtree by setting a CLOCK_INTO_DRAWER or LOG_INTO_DRAWER property. When called with a

C-u

prefix argument, select the task from a list of recently clocked tasks. With two

C-u C-u

prefixes, clock into the task at point and mark it as the default task; the default task will then always be available with letter

d

when selecting a clocking task. With three

C-u C-u C-u

prefixes, force continuous clocking by starting the clock when the last clock stopped.@*

While the clock is running, the current clocking time is shown in the mode line, along with the title of the task. The clock time shown will be all time ever clocked for this task and its children. If the task has an effort estimate (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Effort%20estimates), the mode line displays the current clocking time against it.81 If the task is a repeating one (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Repeated%20tasks), only the time since the last reset of the task will be shown.82 More control over what time is shown can be exercised with the CLOCK_MODELINE_TOTAL property. It may have the values current to show only the current clocking instance, today to show all time clocked on this tasks today (see also the variable org-extend-today-until), all to include all time, or auto which is the default.83 Clicking with

mouse-1

onto the mode line entry will pop up a menu with clocking options.

C-c C-x C-o

, org-clock-out

Stop the clock (clock-out). This inserts another timestamp at the same location where the clock was last started. It also directly computes the resulting time in inserts it after the time range as

=>HH:MM

. See the variable org-log-note-clock-out for the possibility to record an additional note together with the clock-out timestamp.84

C-c C-x C-x

, org-clock-in-last

Reclock the last clocked task. With one

C-u

prefix argument, select the task from the clock history. With two

C-u

prefixes, force continuous clocking by starting the clock when the last clock stopped.

C-c C-x C-e

, org-clock-modify-effort-estimate

Update the effort estimate for the current clock task.

, org-evaluate-time-range

Recompute the time interval after changing one of the timestamps. This is only necessary if you edit the timestamps directly. If you change them with

keys, the update is automatic.

, org-clock-timestamps-up/down

On CLOCK log lines, increase/decrease both timestamps so that the clock duration keeps the same.

, org-timestamp-up/down

On CLOCK log lines, increase/decrease the timestamp at point and the one of the previous (or the next clock) timestamp by the same duration. For example, if you hit

to increase a clocked-out timestamp by five minutes, then the clocked-in timestamp of the next clock will be increased by five minutes.

C-c C-t

, org-todo

Changing the TODO state of an item to DONE automatically stops the clock if it is running in this same item.

C-c C-x C-q

, org-clock-cancel

Cancel the current clock. This is useful if a clock was started by mistake, or if you ended up working on something else.

C-c C-x C-j

, org-clock-goto

Jump to the headline of the currently clocked in task. With a

C-u

prefix arg, select the target task from a list of recently clocked tasks.

C-c C-x C-d

, org-clock-display

Display time summaries for each subtree in the current buffer. This puts overlays at the end of each headline, showing the total time recorded under that heading, including the time of any subheadings. You can use visibility cycling to study the tree, but the overlays disappear when you change the buffer (see variable org-remove-highlights-with-change) or press

C-c C-c

.

The

l

key may be used in the timeline (see [[Timeline for a single file]]) and in the agenda (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Weekly/daily%20agenda) to show which tasks have been worked on or closed during a day.

Important: note that both org-clock-out and org-clock-in-last can have a global keybinding and will not modify the window disposition.

The clock table

Org mode can produce quite complex reports based on the time clocking information. Such a report is called a clock table, because it is formatted as one or several Org tables.

C-c C-x C-r

, org-clock-report

Insert a dynamic block (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Dynamic%20blocks) containing a clock report as an Org mode table into the current file. When the cursor is at an existing clock table, just update it. When called with a prefix argument, jump to the first clock report in the current document and update it. The clock table always includes also trees with :ARCHIVE: tag.

, org-dblock-update

Update dynamic block at point. The cursor needs to be in the #+BEGIN line of the dynamic block.

C-u C-c C-x C-u

Update all dynamic blocks (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Dynamic%20blocks). This is useful if you have several clock table blocks in a buffer.

, org-clocktable-try-shift
Shift the current :block interval and update the table. The cursor needs to be in the #+BEGIN: clocktable line for this command. If :block is today, it will be shifted to today-1 etc.

Here is an example of the frame for a clock table as it is inserted into the buffer with the

C-c C-x C-r

command:

   #+BEGIN: clocktable :maxlevel 2 :emphasize nil :scope file
   #+END: clocktable

{{{noindent}}}

The

BEGIN

line and specify a number of options to define the scope, structure, and formatting of the report. Defaults for all these options can be configured in the variable org-clocktable-defaults.

{{{noindent}}} First there are options that determine which clock entries are to be selected:

:maxlevel
Maximum level depth to which times are listed in the table. Clocks at deeper levels will be summed into the upper level.
:scope

The scope to consider. This can be any of the following:

nil
the current buffer or narrowed region
file
the full current buffer
subtree
the subtree where the clocktable is located
tree

N

the surrounding level

N

tree, for example tree3
tree
the surrounding level 1 tree
agenda
all agenda files
("file"..)
scan these files
file-with-archives
current file and its archives
agenda-with-archives
all agenda files, including archives
:block

The time block to consider. This block is specified either absolute, or relative to the current time and may be any of these formats:

2007-12-31
New year eve 2007
2007-12
December 2007
2007-W50
ISO-week 50 in 2007
2007-Q2
2nd quarter in 2007
2007
the year 2007
today, yesterday, today-

N

a relative day
thisweek, lastweek, thisweek-

N

a relative week
thismonth, lastmonth, thismonth-

N

a relative month
thisyear, lastyear, thisyear-

N

a relative year

Use to shift the time interval.

:tstart
A time string specifying when to start considering times.
:tend
A time string specifying when to stop considering times.
:step
Set to week or day to split the table into chunks. To use this, :block or :tstart, :tend are needed.
:stepskip0
Do not show steps that have zero time.
:fileskip0
Do not show table sections from files which did not contribute.
:tags
A tags match to select entries that should contribute. See [[Matching tags and properties]] for the match syntax.

Then there are options which determine the formatting of the table. There options are interpreted by the function org-clocktable-write-default, but you can specify your own function using the :formatter parameter.

:emphasize
When t, emphasize level one and level two items.
:lang
Language to use for descriptive cells like "Task".85
:link
Link the item headlines in the table to their origins.
:narrow
An integer to limit the width of the headline column in the org table. If you write it like

50!

, then the headline will also be shortened in export.
:indent
Indent each headline field according to its level.
:tcolumns
Number of columns to be used for times. If this is smaller than :maxlevel, lower levels will be lumped into one column.
:level
Should a level number column be included?
:compact
Abbreviation for :level nil :indent t :narrow 40! :tcolumns 1. All are overwritten except if there is an explicit :narrow.
:timestamp
A timestamp for the entry, when available. Look for SCHEDULED, DEADLINE, TIMESTAMP and TIMESTAMP_IA, in this order.
:properties
List of properties that should be shown in the table. Each property will get its own column.
:inherit-props
When this flag is t, the values for :properties will be inherited.
:formula
Content of a #+TBLFM line to be added and evaluated. As a special case,

:formula %

adds a column with % time. If you do not specify a formula here, any existing formula below the clock table will survive updates and be evaluated.
:formatter
A function to format clock data and insert it into the buffer.

To get a clock summary of the current level 1 tree, for the current day, you could write:

   #+BEGIN: clocktable :maxlevel 2 :block today :scope tree1 :link t
   #+END: clocktable

{{{noindent}}} To use a specific time range you could write:86

   #+BEGIN: clocktable :tstart "<2006-08-10 Thu 10:00>"
                       :tend "<2006-08-10 Thu 12:00>"
   #+END: clocktable

A summary of the current subtree with % times would be:

   #+BEGIN: clocktable :scope subtree :link t :formula %
   #+END: clocktable

A horizontally compact representation of everything clocked during last week would be:

   #+BEGIN: clocktable :scope agenda :block lastweek :compact t
   #+END: clocktable

Resolving idle time

If you clock in on a work item, and then walk away from your computer—perhaps to take a phone call—you often need to ``resolve'' the time you were away by either subtracting it from the current clock, or applying it to another one.

By customizing the variable org-clock-idle-time to some integer, such as 10 or 15, Emacs can alert you when you get back to your computer after being idle for that many minutes, and ask what you want to do with the idle time.87 There will be a question waiting for you when you get back, indicating how much idle time has passed (constantly updated with the current amount), as well as a set of choices to correct the discrepancy:

k

To keep some or all of the minutes and stay clocked in, press

k

. Org will ask how many of the minutes to keep. Press

RET

to keep them all, effectively changing nothing, or enter a number to keep that many minutes.

K

If you use the shift key and press

K

, it will keep however many minutes you request and then immediately clock out of that task. If you keep all of the minutes, this is the same as just clocking out of the current task.

s

To keep none of the minutes, use

s

to subtract all the away time from the clock, and then check back in from the moment you returned.

S

To keep none of the minutes and just clock out at the start of the away time, use the shift key and press

S

. Remember that using shift will always leave you clocked out, no matter which option you choose.

C

To cancel the clock altogether, use

C

. Note that if instead of canceling you subtract the away time, and the resulting clock amount is less than a minute, the clock will still be canceled rather than clutter up the log with an empty entry.

What if you subtracted those away minutes from the current clock, and now want to apply them to a new clock? Simply clock in to any task immediately after the subtraction. Org will notice that you have subtracted time ``on the books'', so to speak, and will ask if you want to apply those minutes to the next task you clock in on.

There is one other instance when this clock resolution magic occurs. Say you were clocked in and hacking away, and suddenly your cat chased a mouse who scared a hamster that crashed into your UPS's power button! You suddenly lose all your buffers, but thanks to auto-save you still have your recent Org mode changes, including your last clock in.

If you restart Emacs and clock into any task, Org will notice that you have a dangling clock which was never clocked out from your last session. Using that clock's starting time as the beginning of the unaccounted-for period, Org will ask how you want to resolve that time. The logic and behavior is identical to dealing with away time due to idleness; it is just happening due to a recovery event rather than a set amount of idle time.

You can also check all the files visited by your Org agenda for dangling clocks at any time using

M-x org-resolve-clocks RET

(or

C-c C-x C-z

).

Continuous clocking

You may want to start clocking from the time when you clocked out the previous task. To enable this systematically, set org-clock-continuously to t. Each time you clock in, Org retrieves the clock-out time of the last clocked entry for this session, and start the new clock from there.

If you only want this from time to time, use three universal prefix arguments with org-clock-in and two

C-u C-u

with org-clock-in-last.

Effort estimates

If you want to plan your work in a very detailed way, or if you need to produce offers with quotations of the estimated work effort, you may want to assign effort estimates to entries. If you are also clocking your work, you may later want to compare the planned effort with the actual working time, a great way to improve planning estimates. Effort estimates are stored in a special property

Effort

.88 You can set the effort for an entry with the following commands:

C-c C-x e

, org-set-effort

Set the effort estimate for the current entry. With a numeric prefix argument, set it to the Nth allowed value (see below). This command is also accessible from the agenda with the

e

key.

C-c C-x C-e

, org-clock-modify-effort-estimate

Modify the effort estimate of the item currently being clocked.

Clearly the best way to work with effort estimates is through column view (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Column%20view). You should start by setting up discrete values for effort estimates, and a COLUMNS format that displays these values together with clock sums (if you want to clock your time). For a specific buffer you can use:

   #+PROPERTY: Effort_ALL 0 0:10 0:30 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00
   #+COLUMNS: %40ITEM(Task) %17Effort(Estimated Effort){:} %CLOCKSUM

{{{noindent}}} or, even better, you can set up these values globally by customizing the variables org-global-properties and org-columns-default-format. In particular if you want to use this setup also in the agenda, a global setup may be advised.

The way to assign estimates to individual items is then to switch to column mode, and to use

and

to change the value. The values you enter will immediately be summed up in the hierarchy. In the column next to it, any clocked time will be displayed.

If you switch to column view in the daily/weekly agenda, the effort column will summarize the estimated work effort for each day, and you can use this to find space in your schedule. To get an overview of the entire part of the day that is committed, you can set the option org-agenda-columns-add-appointments-to-effort-sum.89 The appointments on a day that take place over a specified time interval will then also be added to the load estimate of the day.

Effort estimates can be used in secondary agenda filtering that is triggered with the

/

key in the agenda (see [[Agenda commands]]). If you have these estimates defined consistently, two or three key presses will narrow down the list to stuff that fits into an available time slot.

Relative timer

When taking notes during, for example, a meeting or a video viewing, it can be useful to have access to times relative to a starting time. Org provides such a relative timer and make it easy to create timed notes.

C-c C-x .

, org-timer

Insert a relative time into the buffer. The first time you use this, the timer will be started. When called with a prefix argument, the timer is restarted.

C-c C-x -

, org-timer-item

Insert a description list item with the current relative time. With a prefix argument, first reset the timer to 0.

, org-insert-heading

Once the timer list is started, you can also use

to insert new timer items.

C-c C-x \

Pause the timer, or continue it if it is already paused (

org-timer-pause-or-continue

).

C-u C-c C-x \

Stop the timer. After this, you can only start a new timer, not continue the old one. This command also removes the timer from the mode line.

C-c C-x 0

, org-timer-start

Reset the timer without inserting anything into the buffer. By default, the timer is reset to 0. When called with a

C-u

prefix, reset the timer to specific starting offset. The user is prompted for the offset, with a default taken from a timer string at point, if any, So this can be used to restart taking notes after a break in the process. When called with a double prefix argument

C-u C-u

, change all timer strings in the active region by a certain amount. This can be used to fix timer strings if the timer was not started at exactly the right moment.

Countdown timer

Calling org-timer-set-timer from an Org mode buffer runs a countdown timer. Use everywhere else.

org-timer-set-timer prompts the user for a duration and displays a countdown timer in the modeline. org-timer-default-timer sets the default countdown value. Giving a prefix numeric argument overrides this default value.

Capture - Refile - Archive

An important part of any organization system is the ability to quickly capture new ideas and tasks, and to associate reference material with them. Org does this using a process called capture. It also can store files related to a task (attachments) in a special directory. Once in the system, tasks and projects need to be moved around. Moving completed project trees to an archive file keeps the system compact and fast.

Capture

Org's method for capturing new items is heavily inspired by John Wiegley excellent remember package. Up to version 6.36 Org used a special setup for is still part of Org mode for backward compatibility with existing setups. You can find the documentation for org-remember at http://orgmode.org/org-remember.pdf.

The new capturing setup described here is preferred and should be used by new users. To convert your org-remember-templates, run the following command:

{{{kbd(M-x org-capture-import-remember-templates

M-x customize-variable org-capture-templates

M-x customize-variable org-capture-templates

, check the result, and save the customization. You can then use both remember and capture until you are familiar with the new mechanism.

Capture lets you quickly store notes with little interruption of your work flow. The basic process of capturing is very similar to remember, but Org does enhance it with templates and more.

Setting up capture

The following customization sets a default target file for notes, and defines a global key for capturing new material.90

(setq org-default-notes-file (concat org-directory "/notes.org"))
(define-key global-map "\C-cc" 'org-capture)

Using capture

C-c c

, org-capture

Call the command org-capture. Note that this keybinding is global and not active by default - you need to install it. If you have templates defined (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Capture%20templates, it will offer these templates for selection or use a new Org outline node as the default template. It will insert the template into the target file and switch to an indirect buffer narrowed to this new node. You may then insert the information you want.

C-c C-c

, org-capture-finalize

Once you have finished entering information into the capture buffer,

C-c C-c

will return you to the window configuration before the capture process, so that you can resume your work without further distraction. When called with a prefix argument, finalize and then jump to the captured item.

C-c C-w

, org-capture-refile

Finalize the capture process by refiling the note to a different place (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Refile%20and%20copy). Please realize that this is a normal refiling command that will be executed—so the cursor position at the moment you run this command is important. If you have inserted a tree with a parent and children, first move the cursor back to the parent. Any prefix argument given to this command will be passed on to the org-refile command.

C-c C-k

, org-capture-kill

Abort the capture process and return to the previous state.

You can also call org-capture in a special way from the agenda, using the

k c

key combination. With this access, timestamps inserted by the selected capture template will default to the cursor date in the agenda, rather than to the current date.

To find the locations of the last stored capture, use org-capture with prefix commands:

C-u C-c c

Visit the target location of a capture template. You get to select the template in the usual way.

C-u C-u C-c c

Visit the last stored capture item in its buffer.

You can also jump to the bookmark org-capture-last-stored, which will automatically be created unless you set org-capture-bookmark to nil.

To insert the capture at point in an Org buffer, call org-capture with a C-0 prefix argument.

Capture templates

You can use templates for different types of capture items, and for different target locations. The easiest way to create such templates is through the customize interface.

C-c c C

Customize the variable org-capture-templates.

Before we give the formal description of template definitions, let's look at an example. Say you would like to use one template to create general TODO entries, and you want to put these entries under the heading . Also, a date tree in the file

journal.org

should capture journal entries. A possible configuration would look like:

(setq org-capture-templates
 '(("t" "Todo" entry (file+headline "~/org/gtd.org" "Tasks")
        "* TODO %?\n  %i\n  %a")
   ("j" "Journal" entry (file+datetree "~/org/journal.org")
        "* %?\nEntered on %U\n  %i\n  %a")))

, Org will prepare the template for you like this:

   * TODO
     [[file:link to where you initiated capture]]

{{{noindent}}} During expansion of the template, %a has been replaced by a link to the location from where you called the capture command. This can be extremely useful for deriving tasks from emails, for example. You fill in the task definition, press C-c C-c and Org returns you to the same place where you started the capture process.

To define special keys to capture to a particular template without going through the interactive template selection, you can create your key binding like this:

(define-key global-map "\C-cx"
   (lambda () (interactive) (org-capture nil "x")))
Template elements

Now lets look at the elements of a template definition. Each entry in org-capture-templates is a list with the following items:

keys

The keys that will select the template, as a string, characters only, for example "a" for a template to be selected with a single key, or "BTW" for selection with two keys. When using several keys, keys using the same prefix key must be sequential in the list and preceded by a 2-element entry explaining the prefix key, for example:

  ("b" "Templates for marking stuff to buy")

key, this key will be used to open the customize buffer for this complex variable.

description
A short string describing the template, which will be shown during selection.
type

The type of entry, a symbol. Valid values are:

entry
An Org mode node, with a headline. Will be filed as the child of the target entry or as a top-level entry. The target file should be an Org mode file.
item
A plain list item, placed in the first plain list at the target location. Again the target file should be an Org file.
checkitem
A checkbox item. This only differs from the plain list item by the default template.
table-line
A new line in the first table at the target location. Where exactly the line will be inserted depends on the properties :prepend and :table-line-pos (see below).
plain
Text to be inserted as it is.
target

Specification of where the captured item should be placed. In Org mode files, targets usually define a node. Entries will become children of this node. Other types will be added to the table or list in the body of this node. Most target specifications contain a file name. If that file name is the empty string, it defaults to org-default-notes-file. A file can also be given as a variable, function, or Emacs Lisp form.

Valid values are:

(file "path/to/file")
Text will be placed at the beginning or end of that file.
(id "id of existing org entry")
Filing as child of this entry, or in the body of the entry.
(file+headline "path/to/file" "node headline")
Fast configuration if the target heading is unique in the file.
(file+olp "path/to/file" "Level 1 heading" "Level 2" ...)
For non-unique headings, the full path is safer.
(file+regexp "path/to/file" "regexp to find location")
Use a regular expression to position the cursor.
(file+datetree "path/to/file")
Will create a heading in a date tree for today's date.
(file+datetree+prompt "path/to/file")
Will create a heading in a date tree, but will prompt for the date.
(file+function "path/to/file" function-finding-location)
A function to find the right location in the file.
(clock)
File to the entry that is currently being clocked.
(function function-finding-location)
Most general way, write your own function to find both file and location.
template
The template for creating the capture item. If you leave this empty, an appropriate default template will be used. Otherwise this is a string with escape codes, which will be replaced depending on time and context of the capture call. The string with escapes may be loaded from a template file, using the special syntax (file "path/to/template"). See below for more details.
properties

The rest of the entry is a property list of additional options. Recognized properties are:

:prepend
Normally new captured information will be appended at the target location (last child, last table line, last list item, …). Setting this property will change that.
:immediate-finish
When set, do not offer to edit the information, just file it away immediately. This makes sense if the template only needs information that can be added automatically.
:empty-lines
Set this to the number of lines to insert before and after the new item. The default is 0, and the only other common value is 1.
:clock-in
Start the clock in this item.
:clock-keep
Keep the clock running when filing the captured entry.
:clock-resume
If starting the capture interrupted a clock, restart that clock when finished with the capture. Note that :clock-keep has precedence over :clock-resume. When setting both to t, the current clock will run and the previous one will not be resumed.
:unnarrowed
Do not narrow the target buffer, simply show the full buffer. Default is to narrow it so that you only see the new material.
:table-line-pos
Specification of the location in the table where the new line should be inserted. It should be a string like "II-3" meaning that the new line should become the third line before the second horizontal separator line.
:kill-buffer
If the target file was not yet visited when capture was invoked, kill the buffer again after capture is completed.
Template expansion

In the template itself, special

%

-escapes allow dynamic insertion of content.91 The templates are expanded in the order given here:

%[

file

]
Insert the contents of the file given by

file

.
%(

sexp

)
Evaluate Elisp

sexp

and replace with the result. The

sexp

must return a string.
%<…>
The result of format-time-string on the … format specification.
%t
Timestamp, date only.
%T
Timestamp, with date and time.
%u, %U
Like %t, %T above, but inactive timestamps.
%i
Initial content, the region when capture is called while the region is active. The entire text will be indented like %i itself.
%a
Annotation, normally the link created with org-store-link.
%A
Like %a, but prompt for the description part.
%l
Like %a, but only insert the literal link.
%c
Current kill ring head.
%x
Content of the X clipboard.
%k
Title of the currently clocked task.
%K
Link to the currently clocked task.
%n
User name (taken from user-full-name).
%f
File visited by current buffer when org-capture was called.
%F
Full path of the file or directory visited by current buffer.
%:keyword
Specific information for certain link types, see below.
%^g
Prompt for tags, with completion on tags in target file.
%^G
Prompt for tags, with completion all tags in all agenda files.
%^t
Like %t, but prompt for date. Similarly %^T, %^u, %^U. You may define a prompt like %^{Birthday}t.
%^C
Interactive selection of which kill or clip to use.
%^L
Like %^C, but insert as link.
%PROPp
Prompt the user for a value for property

prop

.
%PROMPT
Prompt the user for a string and replace this sequence with it. You may specify a default value and a completion table with %^{prompt|default|completion2|completion3...}. The arrow keys access a prompt-specific history.
%\n
Insert the text entered at the nth %PROMPT, where n is a number, starting from 1.
%?
After completing the template, position cursor here.

{{{noindent}}} For specific link types, the following keywords will be defined:92

bbdb
%:name %:company
irc
%:server %:port %:nick
vm vm-imap wl mh mew rmail
%:type %:subject %:message-id %:from %:fromname %:fromaddress %:to %:toname %:toaddress %:date (message date header field) %:date-timestamp (date as active timestamp) %:date-timestamp-inactive (date as inactive timestamp) %:fromto (either "to NAME" or "from NAME")93
gnus
%:group, for messages also all email fields
w3 w3m
%:url
info
%:file %:node
calendar
%:date

{{{noindent}}} To place the cursor after template expansion use:

   %?          After completing the template, position cursor here.
Templates in contexts

To control whether a capture template should be accessible from a specific context, you can customize org-capture-templates-contexts. Let's say, for example, that you have a capture template "p" for storing Gnus emails containing patches. Then you would configure this option like this:

(setq org-capture-templates-contexts
      '(("p" (in-mode . "message-mode"))))

You can also tell that the command key "p" should refer to another template. In that case, add this command key like this:

(setq org-capture-templates-contexts
      '(("p" "q" (in-mode . "message-mode"))))

See the docstring of the variable org-capture-templates-contexts for more information.

Attachments

It is often useful to associate reference material with an outline node/task. Small chunks of plain text can simply be stored in the subtree of a project. Hyperlinks (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Hyperlinks) can establish associations with files that live elsewhere on your computer or in the cloud, like emails or source code files belonging to a project. Another method is attachments, which are files located in a directory belonging to an outline node. Org uses directories named by the unique ID of each entry. These directories are located in the

data

directory which lives in the same directory where your Org file lives.94 If you initialize this directory with git init, Org will automatically commit changes when it sees them. The attachment system has been contributed to Org by John Wiegley.

In cases where it seems better to do so, you can also attach a directory of your choice to an entry. You can also make children inherit the attachment directory from a parent, so that an entire subtree uses the same attached directory.

{{{noindent}}} The following commands deal with attachments:

C-c C-a

, org-attach

The dispatcher for commands related to the attachment system. After these keys, a list of commands is displayed and you must press an additional key to select a command:

a

, org-attach-attach

Select a file and move it into the task's attachment directory. The file will be copied, moved, or linked, depending on org-attach-method. Note that hard links are not supported on all systems.

Attach a file using the copy/move/link method. Note that hard links are not supported on all systems.

n

, org-attach-new

Create a new attachment as an Emacs buffer.

z

, org-attach-sync

Synchronize the current task with its attachment directory, in case you added attachments yourself.

o

, org-attach-open

Open current task's attachment. If there is more than one, prompt for a file name first. Opening will follow the rules set by org-file-apps. For more details, see the information on following hyperlinks (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Handling%20links).

O

, org-attach-open-in-emacs

Also open the attachment, but force opening the file in Emacs.

f

, org-attach-reveal

Open the current task's attachment directory.

F

, org-attach-reveal-in-emacs

Also open the directory, but force using @command{dired} in Emacs.

d

, org-attach-delete-one

Select and delete a single attachment.

D

, org-attach-delete-all

Delete all of a task's attachments. A safer way is to open the directory in

dired

and delete from there.

s

, org-attach-set-directory

Set a specific directory as the entry's attachment directory. This works by putting the directory path into the ATTACH_DIR property.

i

, org-attach-set-inherit

Set the ATTACH_DIR_INHERIT property, so that children will use the same directory for attachments as the parent does.

RSS feeds

Org can add and change entries based on information found in RSS feeds and Atom feeds. You could use this to make a task out of each new podcast in a podcast feed. Or you could use a phone-based note-creating service on the web to import tasks into Org. To access feeds, configure the variable org-feed-alist. The docstring of this variable has detailed information. Here is an example:

(setq org-feed-alist
     '(("Slashdot"
         "http://rss.slashdot.org/Slashdot/slashdot"
         "~/txt/org/feeds.org" "Slashdot Entries")))

~/org/feeds.org

re that new items from the feed provided by rss.slashdot.org will result in new entries in the file

~/org/feeds.org

under the heading Slashdot Entries, whenever the following command is used:

C-c C-x g

, org-feed-update-all

Collect items from the feeds configured in org-feed-alist and act upon them.

C-c C-x G

, org-feed-goto-inbox

Prompt for a feed name and go to the inbox configured for this feed.

Under the same headline, Org will create a drawer

FEEDSTATUS

in which it will store information about the status of items in the feed, to avoid adding the same item several times. You should add

FEEDSTATUS

to the list of drawers in that file:

   #+DRAWERS: LOGBOOK PROPERTIES FEEDSTATUS

For more information, including how to read atom feeds, see

org-feed.el

and the docstring of org-feed-alist.

Protocols

You can set up Org for handling protocol calls from outside applications that are passed to Emacs through the

emacsserver

. For example, you can configure bookmarks in your web browser to send a link to the current page to Org and create a note from it using capture (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Capture). Or you could create a bookmark that will tell Emacs to open the local source file of a remote website you are looking at with the browser. See http://orgmode.org/worg/org-contrib/org-protocol.php for detailed documentation and setup instructions.

Refile and copy

When reviewing the captured data, you may want to refile or to copy some of the entries into a different list, for example into a project. Cutting, finding the right location, and then pasting the note is cumbersome. To simplify this process, you can use the following special command:

C-c M-w

, org-copy

Copying works like refiling, except that the original note is not deleted.

C-c C-w

, org-refile

Refile the entry or region at point. This command offers possible locations for refiling the entry and lets you select one with completion. The item (or all items in the region) is filed below the target heading as a subitem. Depending on org-reverse-note-order, it will be either the first or last subitem.

By default, all level 1 headlines in the current buffer are considered to be targets, but you can have more complex definitions across a number of files. See the variable org-refile-targets for details. If you would like to select a location via a file-path-like completion along the outline path, see the variables org-refile-use-outline-path and org-outline-path-complete-in-steps. If you would like to be able to create new nodes as new parents for refiling on the fly, check the variable org-refile-allow-creating-parent-nodes. When the variable org-log-refile is set, a timestamp or a note will be recorded when an entry has been refiled.95

C-u C-c C-w

Use the refile interface to jump to a heading.

C-u C-u C-c C-w

, org-refile-goto-last-stored

Jump to the location where org-refile last moved a tree to.

C-2 C-c C-w

Refile as the child of the item currently being clocked.

, org-refile-cache-clear

Clear the target cache. Caching of refile targets can be turned on by setting org-refile-use-cache. To make the command see new possible targets, you have to clear the cache with this command.

Archiving

When a project represented by a (sub)tree is finished, you may want to move the tree out of the way and to stop it from contributing to the agenda. Archiving is important to keep your working files compact and global searches like the construction of agenda views fast.

C-c C-x C-a

, org-archive-subtree-default

Archive the current entry using the command specified in the variable org-archive-default-command.

Moving subtrees

The most common archiving action is to move a project tree to another file, the archive file.

, org-archive-subtree

Archive the subtree starting at the cursor position to the location given by org-archive-location.

Check if any direct children of the current headline could be moved to the archive. To do this, each subtree is checked for open TODO entries. If none are found, the command offers to move it to the archive location. If the cursor is not on a headline when this command is invoked, the level 1 trees will be checked.

The default archive location is a file in the same directory as the current file, with the name derived by appending

_archive

to the current file name. You can also choose what heading to file archived items under, with the possibility to add them to a datetree in a file. For information and examples on how to specify the file and the heading, see the documentation string of the variable org-archive-location.

There is also an in-buffer option for setting this variable, for example:96

   #+ARCHIVE: %s_done::

{{{noindent}}} If you would like to have a special ARCHIVE location for a single entry or a (sub)tree, give the entry an :ARCHIVE: property with the location as the value (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Properties%20and%20columns).

When a subtree is moved, it receives a number of special properties that record context information like the file from where the entry came, its outline path the archiving time etc. Configure the variable org-archive-save-context-info to adjust the amount of information added.

Internal archiving

If you want to just switch off (for agenda views) certain subtrees without moving them to a different file, you can use the ARCHIVE tag.

A headline that is marked with the ARCHIVE tag (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Tags) stays at its location in the outline tree, but behaves in the following way:

The following commands help manage the ARCHIVE tag:

C-c C-x a

, org-toggle-archive-tag

Toggle the ARCHIVE tag for the current headline. When the tag is set, the headline changes to a shadowed face, and the subtree below it is hidden.

C-u C-c C-x a

Check if any direct children of the current headline should be archived. To do this, each subtree is checked for open TODO entries. If none are found, the command offers to set the ARCHIVE tag for the child. If the cursor is not on a headline when this command is invoked, the level 1 trees will be checked.

, org-force-cycle-archived
Cycle a tree even if it is tagged with ARCHIVE.

C-c C-x A

, org-archive-to-archive-sibling

Move the current entry to the Archive Sibling. This is a sibling of the entry with the heading

Archive

and the tag

ARCHIVE

. The entry becomes a child of that sibling and in this way retains a lot of its original context, including inherited tags and approximate position in the outline.

Agenda views

Due to the way Org works, TODO items, time-stamped items, and tagged headlines can be scattered throughout a file or even a number of files. To get an overview of open action items, or of events that are important for a particular date, this information must be collected, sorted and displayed in an organized way.

Org can select items based on various criteria and display them in a separate buffer. Seven different view types are provided:

  • an agenda that is like a calendar and shows information for specific dates,
  • a TODO list that covers all unfinished action items,
  • a match view, showings headlines based on the tags, properties, and TODO state associated with them,
  • a timeline view that shows all events in a single Org file, in time-sorted view,
  • a text search view that shows all entries from multiple files that contain specified keywords,
  • a stuck projects view showing projects that currently don't move along, and
  • custom views that are special searches and combinations of different views.

{{{noindent}}} The extracted information is displayed in a special agenda buffer. This buffer is read-only, but provides commands to visit the corresponding locations in the original Org files, and even to edit these files remotely.

Two variables control how the agenda buffer is displayed and whether the window configuration is restored when the agenda exits: org-agenda-window-setup and org-agenda-restore-windows-after-quit.

Agenda files

The information to be shown is normally collected from all agenda files, the files listed in the variable org-agenda-files.97 If a directory is part of this list, all files with the extension

.org

in this directory will be part of the list.

Thus, even if you only work with a single Org file, that file should be put into the list.98 You can customize org-agenda-files, but the easiest way to maintain it is through the following commands

C-c [

, org-agenda-file-to-front

Add current file to the list of agenda files. The file is added to the front of the list. If it was already in the list, it is moved to the front. With a prefix argument, file is added/moved to the end.

C-c ]

, org-remove-file

Remove current file from the list of agenda files.

, org-cycle-agenda-files

Cycle through agenda file list, visiting one file after the other.

M-x org-iswitchb

Command to use an iswitchb-like interface to switch to and between Org buffers.

{{{noindent}}} The Org menu contains the current list of files and can be used to visit any of them.

If you would like to focus the agenda temporarily on a file not in this list, or on just one file in the list, or even on only a subtree in a file, then this can be done in different ways. For a single agenda command, you may press

<

once or several times in the dispatcher (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Agenda%20dispatcher). To restrict the agenda scope for an extended period, use the following commands:

C-c C-x <

, org-agenda-set-restriction-lock

Permanently restrict the agenda to the current subtree. When with a prefix argument, or with the cursor before the first headline in a file, the agenda scope is set to the entire file. This restriction remains in effect until removed with

C-c C-x >

, or by typing either in the agenda dispatcher. If there is a window displaying an agenda view, the new restriction takes effect immediately.

C-c C-x >

, org-agenda-remove-restriction-lock

Remove the permanent restriction created by

C-c C-x <

.

, you can use the following commands in the Speedbar frame:

<

in the speedbar frame org-speedbar-set-agenda-restriction

Permanently restrict the agenda to the item—either an Org file or a subtree in such a file—at the cursor in the Speedbar frame. If there is a window displaying an agenda view, the new restriction takes effect immediately.

>

in the speedbar frame org-agenda-remove-restriction-lock

Lift the restriction.

Agenda dispatcher

The views are created through a dispatcher, which should be bound to a global key—for example

C-c a

(see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Activation). In the following we will assume that

C-c a

is indeed how the dispatcher is accessed and list keyboard access to commands accordingly. After pressing

C-c a

, an additional letter is required to execute a command. The dispatcher offers the following default commands:

a

Create the calendar-like agenda (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Weekly/daily%20agenda).

Create a list of all TODO items (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Global%20TODO%20list).

Create a list of headlines matching a TAGS expression (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Matching%20tags%20and%20properties).

L

Create the timeline view for the current buffer (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Timeline%20for%20a%20single%20file).

s

Create a list of entries selected by a boolean expression of keywords and/or regular expressions that must or must not occur in the entry.

/

Search for a regular expression in all agenda files and additionally in the files listed in org-agenda-text-search-extra-files. This uses the Emacs command multi-occur. A prefix argument can be used to specify the number of context lines for each match, default is

Create a list of stuck projects (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Stuck%20projects).

<

Restrict an agenda command to the current buffer.99 After pressing

<

, you still need to press the character selecting the command.

< <

If there is an active region, restrict the following agenda command to the region. Otherwise, restrict it to the current subtree.100 After pressing

< <

, you still need to press the character selecting the command.

*

Toggle sticky agenda views. By default, Org maintains only a single agenda buffer and rebuilds it each time you change the view, to make sure everything is always up to date. If you switch between views often and the build time bothers you, you can turn on sticky agenda buffers (make this the default by customizing the variable org-agenda-sticky). With sticky agendas, the dispatcher only switches to the selected view, you need to update it by hand with . You can toggle sticky agenda view any time with org-toggle-sticky-agenda.

You can also define custom commands that will be accessible through the dispatcher, just like the default commands. This includes the possibility to create extended agenda buffers that contain several blocks together, for example the weekly agenda, the global TODO list and a number of special tags matches. See /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Custom%20agenda%20views.

Built-in agenda views

In this section we describe the built-in views.

Weekly/daily agenda

The purpose of the weekly/daily agenda is to act like a page of a paper agenda, showing all the tasks for the current week or day.

C-c a a

, org-agenda-list

Compile an agenda for the current week from a list of Org files. The agenda shows the entries for each day. With a numeric prefix (like

C-u 2 1 C-c a a

) you may set the number of days to be displayed.101

The default number of days displayed in the agenda is set by the variable org-agenda-span (or the obsolete org-agenda-ndays). This variable can be set to any number of days you want to see by default in the agenda, or to a span name, such a day, week, month or year.

Remote editing from the agenda buffer means, for example, that you can change the dates of deadlines and appointments from the agenda buffer. The commands available in the Agenda buffer are listed in [[Agenda commands]].

Calendar/Diary integration

Emacs contains the calendar and diary by Edward M. Reingold. The calendar displays a three-month calendar with holidays from different countries and cultures. The diary allows you to keep track of anniversaries, lunar phases, sunrise/set, recurrent appointments (weekly, monthly) and more. In this way, it is quite complementary to Org. It can be very useful to combine output from Org with the diary.

In order to include entries from the Emacs diary into Org mode's agenda, you only need to customize the variable

  (setq org-agenda-include-diary t)

rything will happen automatically. All diary entries including holidays, anniversaries, etc., will be included in the agenda buffer created by Org mode. , and

RET

can be used from the agenda buffer to jump to the diary file in order to edit existing diary entries. The

i

command to insert new entries for the current date works in the agenda buffer, as well as the commands to display Sunrise/Sunset times, show lunar phases and to convert to other calendars, respectively.

c

can be used to switch back and forth between calendar and agenda.

If you are using the diary only for sexp entries and holidays, it is faster to not use the above setting, but instead to copy or even move the entries into an Org file. Org mode evaluates diary-style sexp entries, and does it faster because there is no overhead for first creating the diary display. Note that the sexp entries must start at the left margin, no whitespace is allowed before them. For example, the following segment of an Org file will be processed and entries will be made in the agenda:102

   * Birthdays and similar stuff
   #+CATEGORY: Holiday
   %%(org-calendar-holiday)   ; special function for holiday names
   #+CATEGORY: Ann
   %%(org-anniversary 1956  5 14) Arthur Dent is %d years old
   %%(org-anniversary 1869 10  2) Mahatma Gandhi would be %d years old
Anniversaries from BBDB

If you are using the Big Brothers Database to store your contacts, you will very likely prefer to store anniversaries in BBDB rather than in a separate Org or diary file. Org supports this and will show BBDB anniversaries as part of the agenda. All you need to do is to add the following to one of your agenda files:

   * Anniversaries
   ,  :PROPERTIES:
   ,  :CATEGORY: Anniv
   ,  :END:
   ,%%(org-bbdb-anniversaries)

You can then go ahead and define anniversaries for a BBDB record. Basically, you need to press

{{{kbd(C-o anniversary

with the cursor in a BBDB record and then add the date in the format YYYY-MM-DD or MM-DD, followed by a space and the class of the anniversary (, or a format string). If you omit the class, it will default to

birthday

. Here are a few examples, the header for the file

org-bbdb.el

contains more detailed information.

   1973-06-22
   06-22
   1955-08-02 wedding
   2008-04-14 %s released version 6.01 of org mode, %d years ago

After a change to BBDB, or for the first agenda display during an Emacs session, the agenda display will suffer a short delay as Org updates its hash with anniversaries. However, from then on things will be very fast—much faster in fact than a long list of entries in an Org or Diary file.

Appointment reminders

Org can interact with Emacs appointments notification facility. To add the appointments of your agenda files, use the command org-agenda-to-appt. This command lets you filter through the list of your appointments and add only those belonging to a specific category or matching a regular expression. It also reads a APPT_WARNTIME property which will then override the value of appt-message-warning-time for this appointment. See the docstring for details.

Global TODO list

The global TODO list contains all unfinished TODO items formatted and collected into a single place.

C-c a t

, org-todo-list
Show the global TODO list. This collects the TODO items from all agenda files (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Agenda%20views) into a single buffer. By default, this lists items with a state the is not a DONE state. The buffer is in agenda-mode, so there are commands to examine and manipulate the TODO entries directly from that buffer (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Agenda%20commands).

C-c a T

, org-todo-list

Like the above, but allows selection of a specific TODO keyword. You can also do this by specifying a prefix argument to

|

t)}}}. You are prompted for a keyword, and you may also specify several keywords by separating them with

|

as the boolean OR operator. With a numeric prefix, the Nth keyword in org-todo-keywords is selected.

The

r

key in the agenda buffer regenerates it, and you can give a prefix argument to this command to change the selected TODO keyword, for example

3 r

. If you often need a search for a specific keyword, define a custom command for it (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Agenda%20dispatcher).

Matching specific TODO keywords can also be done as part of a tags search (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Tag%20searches).

Remote editing of TODO items means that you can change the state of a TODO entry with a single key press. The commands available in the TODO list are described in /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Agenda%20commands.

Normally the global TODO list simply shows all headlines with TODO keywords. This list can become very long. There are two ways to keep it more compact:

  • Some people view a TODO item that has been scheduled for execution or have a deadline (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Timestamps) as no longer open. Configure the variables org-agenda-todo-ignore-scheduled, org-agenda-todo-ignore-deadlines, org-agenda-todo-ignore-timestamp and/or org-agenda-todo-ignore-with-date to exclude such items from the global TODO list.

  • TODO items may have sublevels to break up the task into subtasks. In such cases it may be enough to list only the highest level TODO headline and omit the sublevels from the global list. Configure the variable org-agenda-todo-list-sublevels to get this behavior.

Matching tags and properties

If headlines in the agenda files are marked with tags (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Tags), or have properties (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Properties%20and%20columns), you can select headlines based on this metadata and collect them into an agenda buffer. The match syntax described here also applies when creating sparse trees with

C-c / m

.

C-c a m

, org-tags-view
Produce a list of all headlines that match a given set of tags. The command prompts for a selection criterion, which is a boolean logic expression with tags, like

+work+urgent-withboss

or

work|home

(see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Tags). If you often need a specific search, define a custom command for it (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Agenda%20dispatcher).

C-c a M

, org-tags-view

Like

C-c a m

, but only select headlines that are also TODO items in a not-DONE state and force checking subitems (see the variable org-tags-match-list-sublevels). To exclude scheduled/deadline items, see the variable org-agenda-tags-todo-honor-ignore-options. Matching specific TODO keywords together with a tags match is also possible, see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Tag%20searches.

The commands available in the tags list are described in [[Agenda commands]].

A search string can use Boolean operators

&

for AND and binds more strongly than

|

. Parentheses are currently not implemented. Each element in the search is either a tag, a regular expression matching tags, or an expression like PROPERTY OPERATOR VALUE with a comparison operator, accessing a property value. Each element may be preceded by is syntactic sugar for positive selection. The AND operator

&

is optional when is present. Here are some examples, using only tags.

+work-boss
Select headlines tagged

:work:

, but discard those also tagged

:boss:

.
work|laptop
Selects lines tagged .
work|laptop+night
Like before, but require the

:laptop:

lines to be tagged also

:night:

.

Instead of a tag, you may also specify a regular expression enclosed in curly braces. For example,

work+{^boss.*}

matches headlines that contain the tag

:work:

and any tag starting with

boss

.

You may also test for properties (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Properties%20and%20columns) at the same time as matching tags. The properties may be real properties, or special properties that represent other metadata (see [[Special properties]]). For example, the "property" TODO represents the TODO keyword of the entry. Or, the "property" LEVEL represents the level of an entry. So a search

+LEVEL=3+boss-TODO="DONE"

lists all level three headlines that have the tag

boss

and are not marked with the TODO keyword DONE. In buffers with org-odd-levels-only set,

LEVEL

does not count the number of stars, but

LEVEL=2

will correspond to 3 stars etc. The ITEM special property cannot currently be used in tags/property searches.103

Here are more examples:

work+TODO="WAITING"
Select

:work:

-tagged TODO lines with the specific TODO keyword

WAITING

.
work+TODO="WAITING"|home+TODO="WAITING"
Waiting tasks both at work and at home.

When matching properties, a number of different operators can be used to test the value of a property. Here is a complex example:

   +work-boss+PRIORITY="A"+Coffee="unlimited"+Effort<2         
            +With={Sarah|Denny}+SCHEDULED>="<2008-10-11>"

{{{noindent}}} The type of comparison will depend on how the comparison value is written:

  • If the comparison value is a plain number, a numerical comparison is done, and the allowed operators are <, =, >, <=, >=, and <>.
  • If the comparison value is enclosed in double-quotes, a string comparison is done, and the same operators are allowed.
  • If the comparison value is enclosed in double-quotes and angular brackets (like

    DEADLINE<="<2008-12-24 Wed 18:30>"

    ), both values are assumed to be date/time specifications in the standard Org way, and the comparison will be done accordingly. Special values that will be recognized are "<now>" for now (including time), and "<today>", and "<tomorrow>" for these days at 0:00 hours, i.e.@: without a time specification. Also strings like "<+5d>" or "<-2m>" with units d, w, m, and y for day, week, month, and year, respectively, can be used.
  • If the comparison value is enclosed in curly braces, a regexp match is performed, with

    =

    meaning that the regexp matches the property value, and <> meaning that it does not match.

So the search string in the example finds entries tagged , which also have a priority value property with the value property that is numerically smaller than 2, a

:With:

property that is matched by the regular expression

Sarah|Denny

, and that are scheduled on or after October 11, 2008.

Accessing TODO, LEVEL, and CATEGORY during a search is fast. Accessing any other properties will slow down the search. However, once you have paid the price by accessing one property, testing additional properties is cheap again.

You can configure Org mode to use property inheritance during a search, but beware that this can slow down searches considerably. See /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Property%20inheritance, for details.

For backward compatibility, and also for typing speed, there is also a different way to test TODO states in a search. For this, terminate the tags/property part of the search string (which may include several terms connected with and then specify a Boolean expression just for TODO keywords. The syntax is then similar to that for tags, but should be applied with care: for example, a positive selection on several TODO keywords cannot meaningfully be combined with boolean AND. However, negative selection combined with AND can be meaningful. To make sure that only lines are checked that actually have any TODO keyword (resulting in a speed-up), use

C-c a M

, or equivalently start the TODO part after the slash with or

/!

will not match TODO keywords in a DONE state. Examples:

work/WAITING
Same as

work+TODO="WAITING"

work/!-WAITING-NEXT
Select nor

NEXT

work/!+WAITING|+NEXT
Select

:work:

-tagged TODO lines that are either .

Timeline for a single file

The timeline summarizes all time-stamped items from a single Org mode file in a time-sorted view. The main purpose of this command is to give an overview over events in a project.

C-c a L

, org-timeline
Show a time-sorted view of the Org file, with all time-stamped items. When called with a

C-u

prefix, all unfinished TODO entries (scheduled or not) are also listed under the current date.

{{{noindent}}} The commands available in the timeline buffer are listed in /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Agenda%20commands.

Search view

This agenda view is a general text search facility for Org mode entries. It is particularly useful to find notes.

C-c a s

, org-search-view
This is a special search that lets you select entries by matching a substring or specific words using a boolean logic.

For example, the search string

computer equipment

will find entries that contain

computer equipment

as a substring. If the two words are separated by more space or a line break, the search will still match. Search view can also search for specific keywords in the entry, using Boolean logic. The search string

+computer +wifi -ethernet -{8.11[bg]}

will search for note entries that contain the keywords computer and wifi, but not the keyword ethernet, and which are also not matched by the regular expression 8.11[bg], meaning to exclude both 8.11b and 8.11g. The first

+

is necessary to turn on word search, other

+

characters are optional. For more details, see the docstring of the command org-search-view.

Note that in addition to the agenda files, this command will also search the files listed in org-agenda-text-search-extra-files.

Stuck projects

If you are following a system like David Allen's GTD to organize your work, one of the "duties" you have is a regular review to make sure that all projects move along. A stuck project is a project that has no defined next actions, so it will never show up in the TODO lists Org mode produces. During the review, you need to identify such projects and define next actions for them.

C-c a #

, org-agenda-list-stuck-projects
List projects that are stuck.

C-c a !

Customize the variable org-stuck-projects to define what a stuck project is and how to find it.

You almost certainly will have to configure this view before it will work for you. The built-in default assumes that all your projects are level-2 headlines, and that a project is not stuck if it has at least one entry marked with a TODO keyword TODO or NEXT or NEXTACTION.

Let's assume that you, in your own way of using Org mode, identify projects with a tag PROJECT, and that you use a TODO keyword MAYBE to indicate a project that should not be considered yet. Let's further assume that the TODO keyword DONE marks finished projects, and that NEXT and TODO indicate next actions. The tag @SHOP indicates shopping and is a next action even without the NEXT tag. Finally, if the project contains the special word IGNORE anywhere, it should not be listed either. In this case you would start by identifying eligible projects with a tags/todo match (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Tag%20searches).

+PROJECT/-MAYBE-DONE

, and then check for TODO, NEXT, @SHOP, and IGNORE in the subtree to identify projects that are not stuck. The correct customization for this is:

(setq org-stuck-projects
      '("+PROJECT/-MAYBE-DONE" ("NEXT" "TODO") ("@@SHOP")
                               "\\<IGNORE\\>"))

Note that if a project is identified as non-stuck, the subtree of this entry will still be searched for stuck projects.

Presentation and sorting

Before displaying items in an agenda view, Org mode visually prepares the items and sorts them. Each item occupies a single line. The line starts with a prefix that contains the category (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Categories) of the item and other important information. You can customize in which column tags will be displayed through org-agenda-tags-column. You can also customize the prefix using the option org-agenda-prefix-format. This prefix is followed by a cleaned-up version of the outline headline associated with the item.

Categories

The category is a broad label assigned to each agenda item. By default, the category is simply derived from the file name, but you can also specify it with a special line in the buffer, like this:104

   #+CATEGORY: Thesis

{{{noindent}}}

If you would like to have a special CATEGORY for a single entry or a (sub)tree, give the entry a :CATEGORY: property with the special category you want to apply as the value.

{{{noindent}}} The display in the agenda buffer looks best if the category is not longer than 10 characters.

{{{noindent}}} You can set up icons for category by customizing the org-agenda-category-icon-alist variable.

Time-of-day specifications

Org mode checks each agenda item for a time-of-day specification. The time can be part of the timestamp that triggered inclusion into the agenda, for example as in <2005-05-10 Tue 19:00>. Time ranges can be specified with two timestamps, like:

<2005-05-10 Tue 20:30>--<2005-05-10 Tue 22:15>.

In the headline of the entry itself, a time(range) may also appear as plain text (like ). If the agenda integrates the Emacs diary (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Weekly/daily%20agenda), time specifications in diary entries are recognized as well.

For agenda display, Org mode extracts the time and displays it in a standard 24 hour format as part of the prefix. The example times in the previous paragraphs would end up in the agenda like this:

    8:30-13:00 Arthur Dent lies in front of the bulldozer
   12:45...... Ford Prefect arrives and takes Arthur to the pub
   19:00...... The Vogon reads his poem
   20:30-22:15 Marvin escorts the Hitchhikers to the bridge

If the agenda is in single-day mode, or for the display of today, the timed entries are embedded in a time grid, like

    8:00...... ------------------
    8:30-13:00 Arthur Dent lies in front of the bulldozer
   10:00...... ------------------
   12:00...... ------------------
   12:45...... Ford Prefect arrives and takes Arthur to the pub
   14:00...... ------------------
   16:00...... ------------------
   18:00...... ------------------
   19:00...... The Vogon reads his poem
   20:00...... ------------------
   20:30-22:15 Marvin escorts the Hitchhikers to the bridge

The time grid can be turned on and off with the variable org-agenda-use-time-grid, and can be configured with org-agenda-time-grid.

Sorting of agenda items

Before being inserted into a view, the items are sorted. How this is done depends on the type of view.

  • For the daily/weekly agenda, the items for each day are sorted. The default order is to first collect all items containing an explicit time-of-day specification. These entries will be shown at the beginning of the list, as a schedule for the day. After that, items remain grouped in categories, in the sequence given by org-agenda-files. Within each category, items are sorted by priority (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Priorities), which is composed of the base priority (2000 for priority , and 0 for

    C

    ), plus additional increments for overdue scheduled or deadline items.

  • For the TODO list, items remain in the order of categories, but within each category, sorting takes place according to priority (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Priorities). The priority used for sorting derives from the priority cookie, with additions depending on how close an item is to its due or scheduled date.
  • For tags matches, items are not sorted at all, but just appear in the sequence in which they are found in the agenda files.

Sorting can be customized using the variable org-agenda-sorting-strategy, and may also include criteria based on the estimated effort of an entry (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Effort%20estimates).

Agenda commands

Entries in the agenda buffer are linked back to the Org file or diary file where they originate. You are not allowed to edit the agenda buffer itself, but commands are provided to show and jump to the original entry location, and to edit the Org files ``remotely'' from the agenda buffer. In this way, all information is stored only once, removing the risk that your agenda and note files may diverge.

Some commands can be executed with mouse clicks on agenda lines. For the other commands, the cursor needs to be in the desired line.

Motion2

n

, org-agenda-next-line

Next line (same as ).

p

, org-agenda-previous-line

Previous line (same as ).

View/Go to Org file

, org-agenda-show-and-scroll-up

Display the original location of the item in another window. With prefix arg, make sure that the entire entry is made visible in the outline, not only the heading.

L

, org-agenda-recenter

Display original location and recenter that window.

, org-agenda-goto

Go to the original location of the item in another window.

RET

, org-agenda-switch-to

Go to the original location of the item and delete other windows.

F

, org-agenda-follow-mode

Toggle Follow mode. In Follow mode, as you move the cursor through the agenda buffer, the other window always shows the corresponding location in the Org file. The initial setting for this mode in new agenda buffers can be set with the variable org-agenda-start-with-follow-mode.

C-c C-x b

, org-agenda-tree-to-indirect-buffer

Display the entire subtree of the current item in an indirect buffer. With a numeric prefix argument N, go up to level N and then take that tree. If N is negative, go up that many levels. With a

C-u

prefix, do not remove the previously used indirect buffer.

C-c C-o

, org-agenda-open-link

Follow a link in the entry. This will offer a selection of any links in the text belonging to the referenced Org node. If there is only one link, it will be followed without a selection prompt.

Change display

A

Interactively select another agenda view and append it to the current view.

o

Delete other windows.

, org-agenda-day-view

Switch to day view. When switching to day view, this setting becomes the default for subsequent agenda refreshes. A numeric prefix argument may be used to jump directly to a specific day of the year. For example,

32 d

jumps to February 1st. When setting day view, a year may be encoded in the prefix argument as well. For example,

200712 d

will jump to January 12, 2007. If such a year specification has only one or two digits, it will be mapped to the interval 1938-2037.

, org-agenda-week-view

Switch to week view. When switching week view, this setting becomes the default for subsequent agenda refreshes. A numeric prefix argument may be used to jump directly to a specific day of the ISO week. For example

9 w

to ISO week number 9. When setting week view, a year may be encoded in the prefix argument as well. For example,

200712 w

will jump to week 12 in 2007. If such a year specification has only one or two digits, it will be mapped to the interval 1938-2037.

v m

, org-agenda-month-view

Switch to month view. Because month views are slow to create, they do not become the default for subsequent agenda refreshes. A numeric prefix argument may be used to jump directly to a specific day of the month. When setting month view, a year may be encoded in the prefix argument as well. For example,

200712 m

will jump to December, 2007. If such a year specification has only one or two digits, it will be mapped to the interval 1938-2037.

v y

, org-agenda-year-view

Switch to year view. Because year views are slow to create, they do not become the default for subsequent agenda refreshes. A numeric prefix argument may be used to jump directly to a specific day of the year.

{{{kbd(v

, org-agenda-reset-view

Reset org-agenda-span to the current span.

f

, org-agenda-later

Go forward in time to display the following org-agenda-current-span days. For example, if the display covers a week, switch to the following week. With prefix arg, go forward that many times org-agenda-current-span days.

b

, org-agenda-earlier

Go backward in time to display earlier dates.

.

, org-agenda-goto-today

Go to today.

j

, org-agenda-goto-date

Prompt for a date and go there.

J

, org-agenda-clock-goto

Go to the currently clocked-in task in the agenda buffer.

D

, org-agenda-toggle-diary

Toggle the inclusion of diary entries. See /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Weekly/daily%20agenda.

, org-agenda-log-mode

Toggle Logbook mode. In Logbook mode, entries that were marked DONE while logging was on (see the variable org-log-done) are shown in the agenda, as are entries that have been clocked on that day. You can configure the entry types that should be included in log mode using the variable org-agenda-log-mode-items. When called with a

C-u

prefix, show all possible logbook entries, including state changes. When called with two prefix args

C-u C-u

, show only logging information, nothing else.

v L

is equivalent to

C-u v l

.

, org-agenda-manipulate-query-add

Include inactive timestamps into the current view. Only for weekly/daily agenda and timeline views.

v a

, org-agenda-archives-mode

Toggle Archives mode. In Archives mode, trees that are marked ARCHIVED are also scanned when producing the agenda. To exit archives mode, press

v a

again.

v A

, org-agenda-archives-mode 'files
Toggle Archives mode. In Archives mode, trees that are marked ARCHIVED are also scanned when producing the agenda, including all archive files. To exit archives mode, press

v a

.
, org-agenda-clockreport-mode

Toggle Clockreport mode. In Clockreport mode, the daily/weekly agenda will always show a table with the clocked times for the timespan and file scope covered by the current agenda view. The initial setting for this mode in new agenda buffers can be set with the variable org-agenda-start-with-clockreport-mode. By using a prefix argument when toggling this mode (i.e.,

C-u R

), the clock table will not show contributions from entries that are hidden by agenda filtering.105 See also the variable org-clock-report-include-clocking-task.

v c

Show overlapping clock entries, clocking gaps, and other clocking problems in the current agenda range. You can then visit clocking lines and fix them manually. See the variable org-agenda-clock-consistency-checks for information on how to customize the definition of what constituted a clocking problem. To return to normal agenda display, press

l

to exit Logbook mode.

, org-agenda-entry-text-mode

Toggle entry text mode. In entry text mode, a number of lines from the Org outline node referenced by an agenda line will be displayed below the line. The maximum number of lines is given by the variable org-agenda-entry-text-maxlines. Calling this command with a numeric prefix argument will temporarily modify that number to the prefix value.

G

, org-agenda-toggle-time-grid

Toggle the time grid on and off. See also the variables org-agenda-use-time-grid and org-agenda-time-grid.

r

, org-agenda-redo

Recreate the agenda buffer, for example to reflect the changes after modification of the timestamps of items with

and

. When the buffer is the global TODO list, a prefix argument is interpreted to create a selective list for a specific TODO keyword.

g

, org-agenda-redo

Same as

r

.

, org-save-all-org-buffers

Save all Org buffers in the current Emacs session, and also the locations of IDs.

C-c C-x C-c

, org-agenda-columns

Invoke column view (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Column%20view) in the agenda buffer. The column view format is taken from the entry at point, or (if there is no entry at point), from the first entry in the agenda view. So whatever the format for that entry would be in the original buffer (taken from a property, from a #+COLUMNS line, or from the default variable org-columns-default-format), will be used in the agenda.

C-c C-x >

, org-agenda-remove-restriction-lock

Remove the restriction lock on the agenda, if it is currently restricted to a file or subtree (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Agenda%20files).

Secondary filtering and query editing

<

, org-agenda-filter-by-category

Filter the current agenda view with respect to the category of the item at point. Pressing

<

another time will remove this filter. You can add a filter preset through the option org-agenda-category-filter-preset (see below).

/

, org-agenda-filter-by-tag

Filter the current agenda view with respect to a tag and/or effort estimates. The difference between this and a custom agenda command is that filtering is very fast, so that you can switch quickly between different filters without having to recreate the agenda.106

You will be prompted for a tag selection letter;

SPC

will mean any tag at all. Pressing

TAB

at that prompt will offer use completion to select a tag (including any tags that do not have a selection character). The command then hides all entries that do not contain or inherit this tag. When called with prefix arg, remove the entries that do have the tag. A second

/

at the prompt will turn off the filter and unhide any hidden entries. If the first key you press is either , the previous filter will be narrowed by requiring or forbidding the selected additional tag. Instead of pressing after

/

, you can also immediately use the \ command.

In order to filter for effort estimates, you should set up allowed efforts globally, for example:

(setq org-global-properties
    '(("Effort_ALL". "0 0:10 0:30 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00")))

You can then filter for an effort by first typing an operator, one of , and then the one-digit index of an effort estimate in your array of allowed values, where

0

means the 10th value. The filter will then restrict to entries with effort smaller-or-equal, equal, or larger-or-equal than the selected value. If the digits 0-9 are not used as fast access keys to tags, you can also simply press the index digit directly without an operator. In this case,

<

will be assumed. For application of the operator, entries without a defined effort will be treated according to the value of org-sort-agenda-noeffort-is-high. To filter for tasks without effort definition, press

?

as the operator.

Org also supports automatic, context-aware tag filtering. If the variable org-agenda-auto-exclude-function is set to a user-defined function, that function can decide which tags should be excluded from the agenda automatically. Once this is set, the

/

command then accepts

RET

as a sub-option key and runs the auto exclusion logic. For example, let's say you use a Net tag to identify tasks which need network access, an Errand tag for errands in town, and a Call tag for making phone calls. You could auto-exclude these tags based on the availability of the Internet, and outside of business hours, with something like this:

(defun org-my-auto-exclude-function (tag)
  (and (cond
        ((string= tag "Net")
         (/= 0 (call-process "/sbin/ping" nil nil nil
                             "-c1" "-q" "-t1" "mail.gnu.org")))
        ((or (string= tag "Errand") (string= tag "Call"))
         (let ((hour (nth 2 (decode-time))))
           (or (< hour 8) (> hour 21)))))
       (concat "-" tag)))
(setq org-agenda-auto-exclude-function 'org-my-auto-exclude-function)
\ org-agenda-filter-by-tag-refine

Narrow the current agenda filter by an additional condition. When called with prefix arg, remove the entries that do have the tag, or that do match the effort criterion. You can achieve the same effect by pressing as the first key after the

/

command.

in search view

Add new search words () or new regular expressions () to the query string. The opening bracket/brace will add a positive search term prefixed by

+

, indicating that this search term must occur/match in the entry. The closing bracket/brace will add a negative search term which must not occur/match in the entry for it to be selected.

Remote editing

0–9

Digit argument.

C-_

, org-agenda-undo

Undo a change due to a remote editing command. The change is undone both in the agenda buffer and in the remote buffer.

t

, org-agenda-todo

Change the TODO state of the item, both in the agenda and in the original org file.

, org-agenda-todo-nextset

Switch to the next set of TODO keywords.

, org-agenda-todo-previousset

Switch to the previous set of TODO keywords.

C-k

, org-agenda-kill

Delete the current agenda item along with the entire subtree belonging to it in the original Org file. If the text to be deleted remotely is longer than one line, the kill needs to be confirmed by the user. See variable org-agenda-confirm-kill.

C-c C-w

, org-agenda-refile

Refile the entry at point.

, org-agenda-archive-default-with-confirmation

Archive the subtree corresponding to the entry at point using the default archiving command set in org-archive-default-command. When using the a key, confirmation will be required.

C-c C-x a

, org-agenda-toggle-archive-tag

Toggle the ARCHIVE tag for the current headline.

C-c C-x A

, org-agenda-archive-to-archive-sibling

Move the subtree corresponding to the current entry to its archive sibling.

, org-agenda-archive

Archive the subtree corresponding to the current headline. This means the entry will be moved to the configured archive location, most likely a different file.

T

, org-agenda-show-tags

Show all tags associated with the current item. This is useful if you have turned off org-agenda-show-inherited-tags, but still want to see all tags of a headline occasionally.

:

, org-agenda-set-tags

Set tags for the current headline. If there is an active region in the agenda, change a tag for all headings in the region.

\\\

Set the priority for the current item (org-agenda-priority). Org mode prompts for the priority character. If you reply with

SPC

, the priority cookie is removed from the entry.

P

, org-agenda-show-priority

Display weighted priority of current item.

, org-agenda-priority-up

Increase the priority of the current item. The priority is changed in the original buffer, but the agenda is not resorted. Use the

r

key for this.

, org-agenda-priority-down

Decrease the priority of the current item.

, org-agenda-add-note

Add a note to the entry. This note will be recorded, and then filed to the same location where state change notes are put. Depending on org-log-into-drawer, this may be inside a drawer.

C-c C-a

, org-attach

Dispatcher for all command related to attachments.

C-c C-s

, org-agenda-schedule

Schedule this item. With prefix arg remove the scheduling timestamp

C-c C-d

, org-agenda-deadline

Set a deadline for this item. With prefix arg remove the deadline.

, org-agenda-do-date-later

Change the timestamp associated with the current line by one day into the future. If the date is in the past, the first call to this command will move it to today. With a numeric prefix argument, change it by that many days. For example,

will change it by a year. With a

C-u

prefix, change the time by one hour. If you immediately repeat the command, it will continue to change hours even without the prefix arg. With a double

C-u C-u

prefix, do the same for changing minutes. The stamp is changed in the original Org file, but the change is not directly reflected in the agenda buffer. Use to update the buffer.

, org-agenda-do-date-earlier

Change the timestamp associated with the current line by one day into the past.

>

, org-agenda-date-prompt

Change the timestamp associated with the current line. The key on my keyboard.

I

, org-agenda-clock-in

Start the clock on the current item. If a clock is running already, it is stopped first.

O

, org-agenda-clock-out

Stop the previously started clock.

X

, org-agenda-clock-cancel

Cancel the currently running clock.

J

, org-agenda-clock-goto

Jump to the running clock in another window.

k

, org-agenda-capture

Like org-capture, but use the date at point as the default date for the capture template. See org-capture-use-agenda-date to make this the default behavior of org-capture.

Bulk remote editing selected entries

m

, org-agenda-bulk-mark

Mark the entry at point for bulk action. With prefix arg, mark that many successive entries.

%

, org-agenda-bulk-mark-regexp

Mark entries matching a regular expression for bulk action.

u

, org-agenda-bulk-unmark

Unmark entry for bulk action.

U

, org-agenda-bulk-remove-all-marks

Unmark all marked entries for bulk action.

B

, org-agenda-bulk-action

Bulk action: act on all marked entries in the agenda. This will prompt for another key to select the action to be applied. The prefix arg to and

d

commands, to bulk-remove these special timestamps. By default, marks are removed after the bulk. If you want them to persist, set org-agenda-bulk-persistent-marks to t or hit

p

at the prompt.

*

Toggle persistent marks.

$

Archive all selected entries.

A

Archive entries by moving them to their respective archive siblings.

t

Change TODO state. This prompts for a single TODO keyword and changes the state of all selected entries, bypassing blocking and suppressing logging notes (but not timestamps).

+

Add a tag to all selected entries.

-

Remove a tag from all selected entries.

s

Schedule all items to a new date. To shift existing schedule dates by a fixed number of days, use something starting with double plus at the prompt, for example .

d

Set deadline to a specific date.

r

Prompt for a single refile target and move all entries. The entries will no longer be in the agenda; refresh (

g

) to bring them back.

S

Reschedule randomly into the coming N days. N will be prompted for. With prefix arg (

C-u B S

), scatter only across weekdays.

f

Apply a function to marked entries.107 For example, the function below sets the CATEGORY property of the entries to web.

(defun set-category ()
  (interactive "P")
  (let* ((marker (or (org-get-at-bol 'org-hd-marker)
                     (org-agenda-error)))
         (buffer (marker-buffer marker)))
    (with-current-buffer buffer
      (save-excursion
        (save-restriction
          (widen)
          (goto-char marker)
          (org-back-to-heading t)
          (org-set-property "CATEGORY" "web"))))))

Calendar commands

c

, org-agenda-goto-calendar

Open the Emacs calendar and move to the date at the agenda cursor.

c

, org-calendar-goto-agenda

When in the calendar, compute and show the Org mode agenda for the date at the cursor.

i

, org-agenda-diary-entry

Insert a new entry into the diary, using the date at the cursor and (for block entries) the date at the mark. This will add to the Emacs diary file, in a way similar to the

i

command in the calendar.108 The diary file will pop up in another window, where you can add the entry.

If you configure org-agenda-diary-file to point to an Org mode file, Org will create entries (in Org mode syntax) in that file instead. Most entries will be stored in a date-based outline tree that will later make it easy to archive appointments from previous months/years. The tree will be built under an entry with a DATE_TREE property, or else with years as top-level entries. Emacs will prompt you for the entry text—if you specify it, the entry will be created in org-agenda-diary-file without further interaction. If you directly press

RET

at the prompt without typing text, the target file will be shown in another window for you to finish the entry there. See also the

k r

command.

M

, org-agenda-phases-of-moon

Show the phases of the moon for the three months around current date.

S

, org-agenda-sunrise-sunset

Show sunrise and sunset times. The geographical location must be set with calendar variables, see the documentation for the Emacs calendar.

C

, org-agenda-convert-date

Convert the date at cursor into many other cultural and historic calendars.

H

, org-agenda-holidays

Show holidays for three months around the cursor date.

M-x org-export-icalendar-combine-agenda-files

Export a single iCalendar file containing entries from all agenda files. This is a globally available command, and also available in the agenda menu.

Exporting to a file

C-x C-w

, org-agenda-write

Write the agenda view to a file. Depending on the extension of the selected file name, the view will be exported as HTML (extension ), Postscript (extension ), and plain text (any other extension). When called with a

C-u

prefix argument, immediately open the newly created file. Use the variable org-agenda-exporter-settings to set options for

ps-print

and for

htmlize

to be used during export.

Quit and exit

q

, org-agenda-quit

Quit agenda, remove the agenda buffer.

x

, org-agenda-exit

Exit agenda, remove the agenda buffer and all buffers loaded by Emacs for the compilation of the agenda. Buffers created by the user to visit Org files will not be removed.

Custom agenda views

Custom agenda commands serve two purposes: to store and quickly access frequently used TODO and tags searches, and to create special composite agenda buffers. Custom agenda commands will be accessible through the dispatcher (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Agenda%20dispatcher), just like the default commands.

Storing searches

The first application of custom searches is the definition of keyboard shortcuts for frequently used searches, either creating an agenda buffer, or a sparse tree (the latter covering of course only the current buffer).

Custom commands are configured in the variable org-agenda-custom-commands. You can customize this variable, for example by pressing

C-c a C

. You can also directly set it with Emacs Lisp in

.emacs

. The following example contains all valid search types:

(setq org-agenda-custom-commands
      '(("w" todo "WAITING")
        ("W" todo-tree "WAITING")
        ("u" tags "+boss-urgent")
        ("v" tags-todo "+boss-urgent")
        ("U" tags-tree "+boss-urgent")
        ("f" occur-tree "\\<FIXME\\>")
        ("h" . "HOME+Name tags searches") ; description for "h" prefix
        ("hl" tags "+home+Lisa")
        ("hp" tags "+home+Peter")
        ("hk" tags "+home+Kim")))

C-c a

he initial string in each entry defines the keys you have to press after the dispatcher command

C-c a

in order to access the command. Usually this will be just a single character, but if you have many similar commands, you can also define two-letter combinations where the first character is the same in several combinations and serves as a prefix key.109 The second parameter is the search type, followed by the string or regular expression to be used for the matching. The example above will therefore define:

C-c a w
A global search for TODO entries with

WAITING

as the TODO keyword.
C-c a W
The same search, but only in the current buffer and displaying the results as a sparse tree.
C-c a u
A global tags search for headlines marked

:boss:

but not

:urgent:

.
C-c a v
The same search as

C-c a u

, but limiting the search to headlines that are also TODO items.
C-c a U
The same search as

C-c a u

, but only in the current buffer and displaying the result as a sparse tree.
C-c a f
Create a sparse tree (again: current buffer only) with all entries containing the word

FIXME

C-c a h
A prefix command for a HOME tags search where you have to press an additional key () to select a name (Lisa, Peter, or Kim) as additional tag to match.

Block agenda

Another possibility is the construction of agenda views that comprise the results of several commands, each of which creates a block in the agenda buffer. The available commands include agenda for the daily or weekly agenda (as created with

C-c a a

), alltodo for the global TODO list (as constructed with

C-c a t

), and the matching commands discussed above: todo, tags, and tags-todo. Here are two examples:

(setq org-agenda-custom-commands
      '(("h" "Agenda and Home-related tasks"
         ((agenda "")
          (tags-todo "home")
          (tags "garden")))
        ("o" "Agenda and Office-related tasks"
         ((agenda "")
          (tags-todo "work")
          (tags "office")))))

to create a multi-block view for stuff you need to attend to at home. The resulting agenda buffer will contain your agenda for the current week, all TODO items that carry the tag

home

, and also all lines tagged with provides a similar view for office tasks.

Setting options for custom commands

Org mode contains a number of variables regulating agenda construction and display. The global variables define the behavior for all agenda commands, including the custom commands. However, if you want to change some settings just for a single custom view, you can do so. Setting options requires inserting a list of variable names and values at the right spot in org-agenda-custom-commands. For example:

(setq org-agenda-custom-commands
      '(("w" todo "WAITING"
         ((org-agenda-sorting-strategy '(priority-down))
          (org-agenda-prefix-format "  Mixed: ")))
        ("U" tags-tree "+boss-urgent"
         ((org-show-following-heading nil)
          (org-show-hierarchy-above nil)))
        ("N" search ""
         ((org-agenda-files '("~org/notes.org"))
          (org-agenda-text-search-extra-files nil)))))

command will sort the collected entries only by priority, and the prefix format is modified to just say

Mixed:

instead of giving the category of the entry. The sparse tags tree of

C-c a U

will now turn out ultra-compact, because neither the headline hierarchy above the match, nor the headline following the match will be shown. The command

C-c a N

will do a text search limited to only a single file.

For command sets creating a block agenda, org-agenda-custom-commands has two separate spots for setting options. You can add options that should be valid for just a single command in the set, and options that should be valid for all commands in the set. The former are just added to the command entry; the latter must come after the list of command entries. Going back to the block agenda example (see [[Block agenda]]), let's change the sorting strategy for the {{{kbd(C-c a h)}}} commands to priority-down, but let's sort the results for GARDEN tags query in the opposite order, priority-up. This would look like this:

(setq org-agenda-custom-commands
      '(("h" "Agenda and Home-related tasks"
         ((agenda)
          (tags-todo "home")
          (tags "garden"
                ((org-agenda-sorting-strategy '(priority-up)))))
         ((org-agenda-sorting-strategy '(priority-down))))
        ("o" "Agenda and Office-related tasks"
         ((agenda)
          (tags-todo "work")
          (tags "office")))))

As you see, the values and parentheses setting is a little complex. When in doubt, use the customize interface to set this variable—it fully supports its structure. Just one caveat: when setting options in this interface, the values are just Lisp expressions. So if the value is a string, you need to add the double-quotes around the value yourself.

To control whether an agenda command should be accessible from a specific context, you can customize org-agenda-custom-commands-contexts. Let's say for example that you have an agenda command

o

displaying a view that you only need when reading emails. Then you would configure this option like this:

(setq org-agenda-custom-commands-contexts
      '(("o" (in-mode . "message-mode"))))

You can also tell that the command key

o

should refer to another command key

r

. In that case, add this command key like this:

(setq org-agenda-custom-commands-contexts
      '(("o" "r" (in-mode . "message-mode"))))

See the docstring of the variable for more information.

Exporting agenda views

If you are away from your computer, it can be very useful to have a printed version of some agenda views to carry around. Org mode can export custom agenda views as plain text, HTML, Postscript, PDF, and iCalendar files.110 If you want to do this only occasionally, use the following command:

C-x C-w

, org-agenda-write

Write the agenda view to a file. Depending on the extension of the selected file name, the view will be exported as HTML (extension ), Postscript (extension ), or plain text (any other extension). Use the variable org-agenda-exporter-settings to set options for

ps-print

and for

htmlize

to be used during export, for example:

(setq org-agenda-exporter-settings
      '((ps-number-of-columns 2)
        (ps-landscape-mode t)
        (org-agenda-add-entry-text-maxlines 5)
        (htmlize-output-type 'css)))

If you need to export certain agenda views frequently, you can associate any custom agenda command with a list of output file names.111 Here is an example that first defines custom commands for the agenda and the global TODO list, together with a number of files to which to export them. Then we define two block agenda commands and specify file names for them as well. File names can be relative to the current working directory, or absolute.

(setq org-agenda-custom-commands
      '(("X" agenda "" nil ("agenda.html" "agenda.ps"))
        ("Y" alltodo "" nil ("todo.html" "todo.txt" "todo.ps"))
        ("h" "Agenda and Home-related tasks"
         ((agenda "")
          (tags-todo "home")
          (tags "garden"))
         nil
         ("~/views/home.html"))
        ("o" "Agenda and Office-related tasks"
         ((agenda)
          (tags-todo "work")
          (tags "office"))
         nil
         ("~/views/office.ps" "~/calendars/office.ics"))))

The extension of the file name determines the type of export. If it is package to convert the buffer to HTML and save it to this file name. If the extension is

.ps

, ps-print-buffer-with-faces is used to produce Postscript output. If the extension is

.ics

, iCalendar export is run export over all files that were used to construct the agenda, and limit the export to entries listed in the agenda. Any other extension produces a plain ASCII file.

The export files are not created when you use one of those commands interactively because this might use too much overhead. Instead, there is a special command to produce all specified files in one step:

C-c a e

, org-store-agenda-views
Export all agenda views that have export file names associated with them.

You can use the options section of the custom agenda commands to also set options for the export commands. For example:

(setq org-agenda-custom-commands
      '(("X" agenda ""
         ((ps-number-of-columns 2)
          (ps-landscape-mode t)
          (org-agenda-prefix-format " [ ] ")
          (org-agenda-with-colors nil)
          (org-agenda-remove-tags t))
         ("theagenda.ps"))))

{{{noindent}}} This command sets two options for the Postscript exporter, to make it print in two columns in landscape format—the resulting page can be cut in two and then used in a paper agenda. The remaining settings modify the agenda prefix to omit category and scheduling information, and instead include a checkbox to check off items. We also remove the tags to make the lines compact, and we don't want to use colors for the black-and-white printer. Settings specified in org-agenda-exporter-settings will also apply, but the settings in org-agenda-custom-commands take precedence.

{{{noindent}}} From the command line you may also use:

  emacs -eval (org-batch-store-agenda-views) -kill

{{{noindent}}} or, if you need to modify some parameters:112

   emacs -eval '(org-batch-store-agenda-views                      \
                 org-agenda-span (quote month)                     \
                 org-agenda-start-day "2007-11-01"                 \
                 org-agenda-include-diary nil                      \
                 org-agenda-files (quote ("~/org/project.org")))'  \
         -kill

~/org/project.org

ate the agenda views restricted to the file

~/org/project.org

, without diary entries and with a 30-day extent.

You can also extract agenda information in a way that allows further processing by other programs. See /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Extracting%20agenda%20information, for more information.

Using column view in the agenda

<<Agenda column view>>

Column view (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Column%20view) is normally used to view and edit properties embedded in the hierarchical structure of an Org file. It can be quite useful to use column view also from the agenda, where entries are collected by certain criteria.

C-c C-x C-c

, org-agenda-columns
Turn on column view in the agenda.

To understand how to use this properly, it is important to realize that the entries in the agenda are no longer in their proper outline environment. This causes the following issues:

  1. Org needs to make a decision which COLUMNS format to use. Since the entries in the agenda are collected from different files, and different files may have different COLUMNS formats, this is a non-trivial problem. Org first checks if the variable org-agenda-overriding-columns-format is currently set, and if so, takes the format from there. Otherwise it takes the format associated with the first item in the agenda, or, if that item does not have a specific format (defined in a property, or in its file), it uses org-columns-default-format.

  2. If any of the columns has a summary type defined (see [[Column attributes]]), turning on column view in the agenda will visit all relevant agenda files and make sure that the computations of this property are up to date. This is also true for the special CLOCKSUM property. Org will then sum the values displayed in the agenda. In the daily/weekly agenda, the sums will cover a single day; in all other views they cover the entire block. It is vital to realize that the agenda may show the same entry twice (for example as scheduled and as a deadline), and it may show two entries from the same hierarchy (for example a parent and its child). In these cases, the summation in the agenda will lead to incorrect results because some values will count double.

  3. When the column view in the agenda shows the CLOCKSUM, that is always the entire clocked time for this item. So even in the daily/weekly agenda, the clocksum listed in column view may originate from times outside the current view. This has the advantage that you can compare these values with a column listing the planned total effort for a task—one of the major applications for column view in the agenda. If you want information about clocked time in the displayed period use clock table mode (press

    R

    in the agenda).

  4. When the column view in the agenda shows the CLOCKSUM_T, that is always today's clocked time for this item. So even in the weekly agenda, the clocksum listed in column view only originates from today. This lets you compare the time you spent on a task for today, with the time already spent (via CLOCKSUM) and with the planned total effort for it.

Markup for rich export

When exporting Org mode documents, the exporter tries to reflect the structure of the document as accurately as possible in the backend. Since export targets like HTML, LaTeX, or DocBook allow much richer formatting, Org mode has rules on how to prepare text for rich export. This section summarizes the markup rules used in an Org mode buffer.

Structural markup elements

Document title

{{{noindent}}} The title of the exported document is taken from the special line:

   #+TITLE: This is the title of the document

{{{noindent}}} If this line does not exist, the title is derived from the first non-empty, non-comment line in the buffer. If no such line exists, or if you have turned off exporting of the text before the first headline (see below), the title will be the file name without extension.

If you are exporting only a subtree by marking is as the region, the heading of the subtree will become the title of the document. If the subtree has a property EXPORT_TITLE, that will take precedence.

Headings and sections

The outline structure of the document as described in [[Document structure]], forms the basis for defining sections of the exported document. However, since the outline structure is also used for (for example) lists of tasks, only the first three outline levels will be used as headings. Deeper levels will become itemized lists. You can change the location of this switch globally by setting the variable org-export-headline-levels, or on a per-file basis with the H option:

   #+OPTIONS: H:4

Table of contents

The table of contents is normally inserted directly before the first headline of the file. If you would like to get it to a different location, insert the string [TABLE-OF-CONTENTS] on a line by itself at the desired location. The depth of the table of contents is by default the same as the number of headline levels, but you can choose a smaller number, or turn off the table of contents entirely, by configuring the variable org-export-with-toc, or on a per-file basis with the toc option:

   #+OPTIONS: toc:2          (only to two levels in TOC)
   #+OPTIONS: toc:nil        (no TOC at all)

Initial text

Org mode normally exports the text before the first headline, and even uses the first line as the document title. The text will be fully marked up. If you need to include literal HTML, LaTeX, or DocBook code, use the special constructs described below in the sections for the individual exporters.

Some people like to use the space before the first headline for setup and internal links and therefore would like to control the exported text before the first headline in a different way. You can do so by setting the variable org-export-skip-text-before-1st-heading to t. On a per-file basis, you can get the same effect with

#+OPTIONS: skip:t

.

{{{noindent}}}

If you still want to have some text before the first headline, use the #+TEXT construct:

   #+OPTIONS: skip:t
   #+TEXT: This text will go before the *first* headline.
   #+TEXT: [TABLE-OF-CONTENTS]
   #+TEXT: This goes between the table of contents and the *first* headline

Lists

Plain lists as described in /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Plain%20lists, are translated to the backend's syntax for such lists. Most backends support unordered, ordered, and description lists.

Paragraphs

Paragraphs are separated by at least one empty line. If you need to enforce a line break within a paragraph, use \\ at the end of a line.

To keep the line breaks in a region, but otherwise use normal formatting, you can use VERSE blocks, which can also be used to format poetry:

   #+BEGIN_VERSE
    Great clouds overhead
    Tiny black birds rise and fall
    Snow covers Emacs

        -- AlexSchroeder
   #+END_VERSE

When quoting a passage from another document, it is customary to format this as a paragraph that is indented on both the left and the right margin. You can include quotations in Org mode documents like this:

   #+BEGIN_QUOTE
   Everything should be made as simple as possible,
   but not any simpler -- Albert Einstein
   #+END_QUOTE

If you would like to center some text, do it like this:

   #+BEGIN_CENTER
   Everything should be made as simple as possible, \\
   but not any simpler
   #+END_CENTER

Footnote markup

Footnotes defined in the way described in /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Creating%20footnotes, will be exported by all backends. Org allows multiple references to the same note, and multiple footnotes side by side.

Emphasis and monospace

You can make words bold, italic, underlined, =code= and ~verbatim~, and, if you must,

+strike-through+

. Text in the code and verbatim string is not processed for Org mode specific syntax; it is exported verbatim.

Horizontal rules

A line consisting of only dashes, and at least 5 of them, will be exported as a horizontal line (<hr/> in HTML and \hrule in LaTeX).

Comment lines

Lines starting with zero or more whitespace characters followed by one

#

and a whitespace are treated as comments and will never be exported. Also entire subtrees starting with the word

COMMENT

will never be exported. Finally, regions surrounded by

#+BEGIN_COMMENT

…

#+END_COMMENT

will not be exported.

C-c ;

Toggle the COMMENT keyword at the beginning of an entry.

Images and tables

Both the native Org mode tables (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Tables) and tables formatted with the

table.el

package will be exported properly. For Org mode tables, the lines before the first horizontal separator line will become table header lines. You can use the following lines somewhere before the table to assign a caption and a label for cross references, and in the text you can refer to the object with \ref{tab:basic-data}:

   #+CAPTION: This is the caption for the next table (or link)
   #+LABEL:   tab:basic-data
      | ... | ...|
      |-----|----|

Optionally, the caption can take the form:

   #+CAPTION: [Caption for list of figures]{Caption for table (or link).}

Some backends (HTML, LaTeX, and DocBook) allow you to directly include images into the exported document. Org does this, if a link to an image files does not have a description part, for example [[./img/a.jpg]]. If you wish to define a caption for the image and maybe a label for internal cross references, make sure that the link is on a line by itself and precede it with #+CAPTION and #+LABEL as follows:

   #+CAPTION: This is the caption for the next figure link (or table)
   #+LABEL:   fig:SED-HR4049
   [[./img/a.jpg]]

You may also define additional attributes for the figure. As this is backend-specific, see the sections about the individual backends for more information.

See the discussion of image links.

Literal examples

You can include literal examples that should not be subjected to markup. Such examples will be typeset in monospace, so this is well suited for source code and similar examples.

   #+BEGIN_EXAMPLE
   Some example from a text file.
   #+END_EXAMPLE

Note that such blocks may be indented in order to align nicely with indented text and in particular with plain list structure (see [[Plain lists]]). For simplicity when using small examples, you can also start the example lines with a colon followed by a space. There may also be additional whitespace before the colon:

   Here is an example
      : Some example from a text file.

If the example is source code from a programming language, or any other text that can be marked up by font-lock in Emacs, you can ask for the example to look like the fontified Emacs buffer.113 This is done with the

src

block, where you also need to specify the name of the major mode that should be used to fontify the example, see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Easy%20templates for shortcuts to easily insert code blocks.114

   #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
     (defun org-xor (a b)
        "Exclusive or."
        (if a (not b) b))
   #+END_SRC

Both in example and in src snippets, you can add a -n switch to the end of the BEGIN line, to get the lines of the example numbered. If you use a +n switch, the numbering from the previous numbered snippet will be continued in the current one. In literal examples, Org will interpret strings like as labels, and use them as targets for special hyperlinks like [[(name)]] (i.e., the reference name enclosed in single parenthesis). In HTML, hovering the mouse over such a link will remote-highlight the corresponding code line, which is kind of cool.

You can also add a -r switch which removes the labels from the source code.115 With the -n switch, links to these references will be labeled by the line numbers from the code listing, otherwise links will use the labels with no parentheses. Here is an example:

   #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp -n -r
   (save-excursion                  (ref:sc)
      (goto-char (point-min))       (ref:jump)
   #+END_SRC
   In line [[(sc)]] we remember the current position.  [[(jump)][Line (jump)]]
   jumps to point-min.

If the syntax for the label format conflicts with the language syntax, use a -l switch to change the format, for example . See also the variable org-coderef-label-format.

HTML export also allows examples to be published as text areas (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Text%20areas%20in%20HTML%20export).

Because the #+BEGIN_... and #+END_... patterns need to be added so often, shortcuts are provided using the Easy Templates facility (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Easy%20templates).

C-c '

Edit the source code example at point in its native mode. This works by switching to a temporary buffer with the source code. You need to exit by pressing

C-c '

again.116 The edited version will then replace the old version in the Org buffer. Fixed-width regions (where each line starts with a colon followed by a space) will be edited using artist-mode to allow creating ASCII drawings easily.117 Using this command in an empty line will create a new fixed-width region.

C-c l

Calling org-store-link while editing a source code example in a temporary buffer created with

C-c '

will prompt for a label. Make sure that it is unique in the current buffer, and insert it with the proper formatting like at the end of the current line. Then the label is stored as a link .

Include files

During export, you can include the content of another file. For example, to include your

.emacs

file, you could use:

   #+INCLUDE: "~/.emacs" src emacs-lisp

the markup (e.g., ), and, if the markup is

src

, the language for formatting the contents. The markup is optional; if it is not given, the text will be assumed to be in Org mode format and will be processed normally. The include line will also allow additional keyword parameters :prefix1 and :prefix to specify prefixes for the first line and for each following line, :minlevel in order to get Org mode content demoted to a specified level, as well as any options accepted by the selected markup. For example, to include a file as an item, use:

   #+INCLUDE: "~/snippets/xx" :prefix1 "   + " :prefix "     "

You can also include a portion of a file by specifying a lines range using the :lines parameter. The line at the upper end of the range will not be included. The start and/or the end of the range may be omitted to use the obvious defaults.

#+INCLUDE: "~/.emacs" :lines "5-10"
Include lines 5 to 10, 10 excluded.
#+INCLUDE: "~/.emacs" :lines "-10"
Include lines 1 to 10, 10 excluded.
#+INCLUDE: "~/.emacs" :lines "10-"
Include lines from 10 to EOF.

  • C-c '

    Visit the include file at point.

Index entries

You can specify entries that will be used for generating an index during publishing. This is done by lines starting with #+INDEX. An entry the contains an exclamation mark will create a sub item. See /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Generating%20an%20index for more information.

   * Curriculum Vitae
   #+INDEX: CV
   #+INDEX: Application!CV

Macro replacement

You can define text snippets with a macro:

   #+MACRO: name   replacement text $1, $2 are arguments

can be referenced anywhere in the document (even in code examples) with {{{name(arg1,arg2)}}}. In addition to defined macros, {{{title}}}, {{{author}}}, etc., will reference information set by the #+TITLE:, #+AUTHOR:, and similar lines. Also, {{{date(FORMAT)}}} and {{{modification-time(FORMAT)}}} refer to current date time and to the modification time of the file being exported, respectively. FORMAT should be a format string understood by format-time-string.

Macro expansion takes place during export, and some people use it to construct complex HTML code.

Embedded LaTeX

Plain ASCII is normally sufficient for almost all note taking. Exceptions include scientific notes, which often require mathematical symbols and the occasional formula. LaTeX is widely used to typeset scientific documents.118 Org mode supports embedding LaTeX code into its files, because many academics are used to writing and reading LaTeX source code, and because it can be readily processed to produce pretty output for a number of export backends.

Special symbols

You can use LaTeX macros to insert special symbols like \alpha to indicate the Greek letter, or \to to indicate an arrow. Completion for these macros is available, just type \ and maybe a few letters, and press

to see possible completions. Unlike LaTeX code, Org mode allows these macros to be present without surrounding math delimiters, for example:

   Angles are written as Greek letters \alpha, \beta and \gamma.

During export, these symbols will be transformed into the native format of the exporter backend. Strings like \alpha will be exported as &alpha; in the HTML output, and as $\alpha$ in the LaTeX output. Similarly, \nbsp will become &nbsp; in HTML and ~ in LaTeX. If you need such a symbol inside a word, terminate it like this: \Aacute{}stor.

A large number of entities is provided, with names taken from both HTML and LaTeX; see the variable org-entities for the complete list. \- is treated as a shy hyphen, and

–

, are all converted into special commands creating hyphens of different lengths or a compact set of dots.

If you would like to see entities displayed as UTF8 characters, use the following command:119

C-c C-x XXX

Toggle display of entities as UTF-8 characters. This does not change the buffer content which remains plain ASCII, but it overlays the UTF-8 character for display purposes only.

Subscripts and superscripts

Just like in LaTeX, are used to indicate super- and subscripts. Again, these can be used without embedding them in math-mode delimiters. To increase the readability of ASCII text, it is not necessary (but OK) to surround multi-character sub- and superscripts with curly braces. For example

   The mass of the sun is M_sun = 1.989 x 10^30 kg.  The radius of
   the sun is R_{sun} = 6.96 x 10^8 m.

To avoid interpretation as raised or lowered text, you can quote with a backslash: \^ and \_. If you write a text where the underscore is often used in a different context, Org's convention to always interpret these as subscripts can get in your way. Configure the variable org-export-with-sub-superscripts to globally change this convention, or use, on a per-file basis:

   #+OPTIONS: ^:{}

{{{noindent}}} With this setting, a_b will not be interpreted as a subscript, but a_{b} will.

C-c C-x XXX

In addition to showing entities as UTF-8 characters, this command will also format sub- and superscripts in a WYSIWYM way.

LaTeX fragments

Going beyond symbols and sub- and superscripts, a full formula language is needed. Org mode can contain LaTeX math fragments, and it supports ways to process these for several export backends. When exporting to LaTeX, the code is obviously left as it is. When exporting to HTML, Org invokes the MathJax library (see [[Math formatting in HTML export]]) to process and display the math.120 Finally, it can also process the mathematical expressions into images that can be displayed in a browser or in DocBook documents.121

LaTeX fragments don't need any special marking at all. The following snippets will be identified as LaTeX source code:

  • Environments of any kind.122 The only requirement is that the \begin statement appears on a new line, preceded by only whitespace.
  • Text within the usual LaTeX math delimiters. To avoid conflicts with currency specifications, single $ characters are only recognized as math delimiters if the enclosed text contains at most two line breaks, is directly attached to the $ characters with no whitespace in between, and if the closing $ is followed by whitespace, punctuation or a dash. For the other delimiters, there is no such restriction, so when in doubt, use \(...\) as inline math delimiters.

{{{noindent}}} For example:

   \begin{equation}                          % arbitrary environments,
   x=\sqrt{b}                                % even tables, figures
   \end{equation}                            % etc

   If $a^2=b$ and \( b=2 \), then the solution must be
   either $$ a=+\sqrt{2} $$ or \[ a=-\sqrt{2} \].

{{{noindent}}}

If you need any of the delimiter ASCII sequences for other purposes, you can configure the option org-format-latex-options to deselect the ones you do not wish to have interpreted by the LaTeX converter.

LaTeX processing can be configured with the variable org-export-with-LaTeX-fragments. The default setting is t which means

MathJax

for HTML, and no processing for DocBook, ASCII and LaTeX backends. You can also set this variable on a per-file basis using one of these lines:

#+OPTIONS: LaTeX:t
Do the right thing automatically (MathJax).
#+OPTIONS: LaTeX:dvipng
Force using dvipng images.
#+OPTIONS: LaTeX:nil
Do not process LaTeX fragments at all
#+OPTIONS: LaTeX:verbatim
Verbatim export, for jsMath or so.

Previewing LaTeX fragments

If you have

dvipng

installed, LaTeX fragments can be processed to produce preview images of the typeset expressions:

C-c C-x C-l

Produce a preview image of the LaTeX fragment at point and overlay it over the source code. If there is no fragment at point, process all fragments in the current entry (between two headlines). When called with a prefix argument, process the entire subtree. When called with two prefix arguments, or when the cursor is before the first headline, process the entire buffer.

C-c C-c

Remove the overlay preview images.

You can customize the variable org-format-latex-options to influence some aspects of the preview. In particular, the :scale (and for HTML export, :html-scale) property can be used to adjust the size of the preview images.

CDLaTeX mode

CDLaTeX mode is a minor mode that is normally used in combination with a major LaTeX mode like AUCTeX in order to speed-up insertion of environments and math templates. Inside Org mode, you can make use of some of the features of CDLaTeX mode. You need to install (the latter comes also with AUCTeX) from http://www.astro.uva.nl/~dominik/Tools/cdlatex. Don't use CDLaTeX mode itself under Org mode, but use the light version org-cdlatex-mode that comes as part of Org mode. Turn it on for the current buffer with M-x org-cdlatex-mode, or for all Org files with this hook:

(add-hook 'org-mode-hook 'turn-on-org-cdlatex)

When this mode is enabled, the following features are present (for more details see the documentation of CDLaTeX mode):

C-c {

Insert an environment template.

TAB

Expand a template if the cursor is inside a LaTeX fragment.123 For example,

TAB

will expand fr to \frac{}{} and position the cursor correctly inside the first brace. Another

TAB

will get you into the second brace. Even outside fragments,

TAB

will expand environment abbreviations at the beginning of a line. For example, if you write

equ

at the beginning of a line and press

TAB

, this abbreviation will be expanded to an equation environment. To get a list of all abbreviations, type

M-x cdlatex-command-help

.

Pressing inside a LaTeX fragment will insert these characters together with a pair of braces. If you use

TAB

to move out of the braces, and if the braces surround only a single character or macro, they are removed again (depending on the variable cdlatex-simplify-sub-super-scripts).

`

Pressing the backquote followed by a character inserts math macros, also outside LaTeX fragments. If you wait more than 1.5 seconds after the backquote, a help window will pop up.

'

Pressing the single-quote followed by another character modifies the symbol before point with an accent or a font. If you wait more than 1.5 seconds after the single-quote, a help window will pop up. Character modification will work only inside LaTeX fragments; outside the quote is normal.

Exporting

Org mode documents can be exported into a variety of other formats. For printing and sharing of notes, ASCII export produces a readable and simple version of an Org file. HTML export allows you to publish a notes file on the web, while the XOXO format provides a solid base for exchange with a broad range of other applications. LaTeX export lets you use Org mode and its structured editing functions to easily create LaTeX files. DocBook export makes it possible to convert Org files to many other formats using DocBook tools. OpenDocument Text (ODT) export allows seamless collaboration across organizational boundaries. For project management you can create gantt and resource charts by using TaskJuggler export. To incorporate entries with associated times like deadlines or appointments into a desktop calendar program like iCal, Org mode can also produce extracts in the iCalendar format. Currently, Org mode only supports export, not import of these different formats.

Org supports export of selected regions when transient-mark-mode is enabled (default in Emacs 23).

Selective export

You may use tags to select the parts of a document that should be exported, or to exclude parts from export. This behavior is governed by two variables: org-export-select-tags and org-export-exclude-tags, respectively defaulting to :export: and :noexport:.

  1. Org first checks if any of the select tags is present in the buffer. If yes, all trees that do not carry one of these tags will be excluded. If a selected tree is a subtree, the heading hierarchy above it will also be selected for export, but not the text below those headings.
  2. If none of the select tags is found, the whole buffer will be selected for export.
  3. Finally, all subtrees that are marked by any of the exclude tags will be removed from the export buffer.

The variable org-export-with-tasks can be configured to select which kind of tasks should be included for export. See the docstring of the variable for more information.

Export options

The exporter recognizes special lines in the buffer which provide additional information. These lines may be put anywhere in the file. The whole set of lines can be inserted into the buffer with

C-c C-e t

. For individual lines, a good way to make sure the keyword is correct is to type completion (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Completion). For a summary of other in-buffer settings not specifically related to export, see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/In-buffer%20settings. In particular, note that you can place commonly-used (export) options in a separate file which can be included using #+SETUPFILE.

C-c C-e t

, org-insert-export-options-template

Insert template with export options, see example below.

#+TITLE:
The title to be shown (default is the buffer name).
#+AUTHOR:
The author (default taken from user-full-name).
#+DATE:
A date, an Org timestamp, or a format string for format-time-string.124
#+EMAIL:
His/her email address (default from user-mail-address).
#+DESCRIPTION:
The page description, e.g., for the XHTML meta tag.
#+KEYWORDS:
The page keywords, e.g., for the XHTML meta tag.
#+LANGUAGE:
Language for HTML, e.g., en (org-export-default-language).
#+TEXT:
Some descriptive text to be inserted at the beginning.
#+TEXT:
Several lines may be given.
#+OPTIONS:
H:2 num:t toc:t \n:nil @:t ::t |:t ^:t f:t TeX:t …
#+BIND:
Lisp-var lisp-val, e.g., org-export-latex-low-levels itemize. You need to confirm using these, or configure org-export-allow-BIND.
#+LINK_UP:
The ``up'' link of an exported page.
#+LINK_HOME:
The ``home'' link of an exported page.
#+LaTeX_HEADER:
Extra line(s) for the LaTeX header, like \usepackage{xyz}.
#+EXPORT_SELECT_TAGS:
Tags that select a tree for export.
#+EXPORT_EXCLUDE_TAGS:
Tags that exclude a tree from export.
#+XSLT:
The XSLT stylesheet used by DocBook exporter to generate FO file.

{{{noindent}}} The #+OPTIONS line is a compact form to specify export settings.125 Here you can:

H:
Set the number of headline levels for export.
num:
Turn on/off section-numbers.
toc:
Turn on/off table of contents, or set level limit (integer).
\n:
Turn on/off line-break-preservation (DOES NOT WORK).
@:
Turn on/off quoted HTML tags.
::
Turn on/off fixed-width sections.
|:
Turn on/off tables,
^:
Turn on/off TeX-like syntax for sub- and superscripts. If you write "^:{}", a_{b} will be interpreted, but the simple a_b will be left as it is.
:
Turn on/off conversion of special strings.
f:
Turn on/off footnotes like this: [1].
todo:
Turn on/off inclusion of TODO keywords into exported text.
tasks:
Turn on/off inclusion of tasks (TODO items), can be nil to remove all tasks, todo to remove DONE tasks, or list of keywords to keep.
pri:
Turn on/off priority cookies.
tags:
Turn on/off inclusion of tags, may also be not-in-toc.
<:
Turn on/off inclusion of any time/date stamps like DEADLINES.
*:
Turn on/off emphasized text (bold, italic, underlined).
TeX:
Turn on/off simple TeX macros in plain text.
LaTeX:
Configure export of LaTeX fragments. Default auto.
skip:
Turn on/off skipping the text before the first heading.
author:
Turn on/off inclusion of author name/email into exported file.
email:
Turn on/off inclusion of author email into exported file.
creator:
Turn on/off inclusion of creator info into exported file.
timestamp:
Turn on/off inclusion creation time into exported file.
d:
Turn on/off inclusion of drawers, or list drawers to include.

{{{noindent}}} These options take effect in both the HTML and LaTeX export, except for TeX and LaTeX options, which are respectively t and nil for the LaTeX export.

The default values for these and many other options are given by a set of variables. For a list of such variables, the corresponding OPTIONS keys and also the publishing keys (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Project%20alist), see the constant org-export-plist-vars.

When exporting only a single subtree by selecting it with

C-c @

before calling an export command, the subtree can overrule some of the file's export settings with properties EXPORT_FILE_NAME, EXPORT_TITLE, EXPORT_TEXT, EXPORT_AUTHOR, EXPORT_DATE, and EXPORT_OPTIONS.

The export dispatcher

All export commands can be reached using the export dispatcher, which is a prefix key that prompts for an additional key specifying the command. Normally the entire file is exported, but if there is an active region that contains one outline tree, the first heading is used as document title and the subtrees are exported.

C-c C-e

, org-export

Dispatcher for export and publishing commands. Displays a help-window listing the additional key(s) needed to launch an export or publishing command. The prefix arg is passed through to the exporter. A double prefix

C-u C-u

causes most commands to be executed in the background, in a separate Emacs process.126

C-c C-e v

, org-export-visible

Like

C-c C-e

, but only export the text that is currently visible (i.e., not hidden by outline visibility).

C-u C-u C-c C-e

, org-export

Call the exporter, but reverse the setting of org-export-run-in-background, i.e., request background processing if not set, or force processing in the current Emacs process if set.

ASCII/Latin-1/UTF-8 export

ASCII export produces a simple and very readable version of an Org mode file, containing only plain ASCII. Latin-1 and UTF-8 export augment the file with special characters and symbols available in these encodings.

C-c C-e a

, org-export-as-ascii

Export as an ASCII file. For an Org file,

myfile.org

, the ASCII file will be

myfile.txt

. The file will be overwritten without warning. If there is an active region, only the region will be exported.127 If the selected region is a single tree, the tree head will become the document title.128 If the tree head entry has or inherits an EXPORT_FILE_NAME property, that name will be used for the export.

C-c C-e A

, org-export-as-ascii-to-buffer

Export to a temporary buffer. Do not create a file.

C-c C-e n

, org-export-as-latin1

Like

C-c C-e a

, but use Latin-1 encoding.

C-c C-e N

, org-export-as-latin1-to-buffer

Like

C-c C-e A

, but use Latin-1 encoding.

C-c C-e u

, org-export-as-utf8

Like

C-c C-e a

, but use UTF-8 encoding.

C-c C-e U

, org-export-as-utf8-to-buffer

Like

C-c C-e A

, but use UTF-8 encoding.

C-c C-e v a/n/u

Export only the visible part of the document.

In the exported version, the first 3 outline levels will become headlines, defining a general document structure. Additional levels will be exported as itemized lists. If you want that transition to occur at a different level, specify it with a prefix argument, e.g.:

   C-1 C-c C-e a

{{{noindent}}} This setting creates only top level headlines and exports the rest as items. When headlines are converted to items, the indentation of the text following the headline is changed to fit nicely under the item. This is done with the assumption that the first body line indicates the base indentation of the body text. Any indentation larger than this is adjusted to preserve the layout relative to the first line. Should there be lines with less indentation than the first one, these are left alone.

Links will be exported in a footnote-like style, with the descriptive part in the text and the link in a note before the next heading. See the variable org-export-ascii-links-to-notes for details and other options.

HTML export

Org mode contains a HTML (XHTML 1.0 strict) exporter with extensive HTML formatting, in ways similar to John Gruber's markdown language, but with additional support for tables.

HTML export commands

C-c C-e h

, org-export-as-html

Export as an HTML file. For an Org file

myfile.org

, the HTML file will be

myfile.html

. The file will be overwritten without warning. If there is an active region, only the active region will be exported.129 If the selected region is a single tree, the tree head will become the document title.130 If the tree head entry has, or inherits, an EXPORT_FILE_NAME property, that name will be used for the export.

C-c C-e b

, org-export-as-html-and-open

Export as a HTML file and immediately open it with a browser.

C-c C-e H

, org-export-as-html-to-buffer

Export to a temporary buffer. Do not create a file.

C-c C-e R

, org-export-region-as-html

Export the active region to a temporary buffer. With a prefix argument, do not produce the file header and footer, but just the plain HTML section for the region. This is good for cut-and-paste operations.

C-c C-e v h/b/H/R

Export only the visible part of the document.

M-x org-export-region-as-html

Convert the region to HTML under the assumption that it was in Org mode syntax before. This is a global command that can be invoked in any buffer.

M-x org-replace-region-by-HTML

Replace the active region (assumed to be in Org mode syntax) by HTML code.

In the exported version, the first three outline levels will become headlines, defining a general document structure. Additional levels will be exported as itemized lists. If you want that transition to occur at a different level, specify it with a numeric prefix argument, e.g.:

   C-2 C-c C-e b

{{{noindent}}} This setting creates two levels of headings and exports the rest as list items.

HTML preamble and postamble

The HTML exporter lets you define a preamble and a postamble.

The default value for org-export-html-preamble is t, which means that the preamble is inserted depending on the relevant format string in org-export-html-preamble-format.

Setting org-export-html-preamble to a string will override the default format string. Setting it to a function, will insert the output of the function, which must be a string; such a function takes no argument but you can check against the value of opt-plist, which contains the list of publishing properties for the current file. Setting to nil will not insert any preamble.

The default value for org-export-html-postamble is

'auto

, which means that the HTML exporter will look for the value of org-export-author-info, org-export-email-info, org-export-creator-info and org-export-time-stamp-file, org-export-html-validation-link and build the postamble from these values. Setting org-export-html-postamble to t will insert the postamble from the relevant format string found in org-export-html-postamble-format. Setting it to nil will not insert any postamble.

Quoting HTML tags

Plain < and

>

are always transformed to in HTML export. If you want to include simple HTML tags which should be interpreted as such, mark them with . Note that this really works only for simple tags. For more extensive HTML that should be copied verbatim to the exported file use either #+HTML:

   #+HTML: Literal HTML code for export

{{{noindent}}} or an HTML block:

   #+BEGIN_HTML
   All lines between these markers are exported literally
   #+END_HTML

Links in HTML export

Internal links (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Internal%20links) will continue to work in HTML. This includes automatic links created by radio targets (see [[Radio targets]]). Links to external files will still work if the target file is on the same relative path as the published Org file. Links to other

.org

files will be translated into HTML links under the assumption that a HTML version also exists of the linked file, at the same relative path. id: links can then be used to jump to specific entries across files. For information related to linking files while publishing them to a publishing directory see [[Publishing links]].

If you want to specify attributes for links, you can do so using a special #+ATTR_HTML line to define attributes that will be added to the <a> or <img> tags. Here is an example that sets title and style attributes for a link:

   #+ATTR_HTML: title="The Org mode homepage" style="color:red;"
   ,[[http://orgmode.org]]

Tables in HTML export

Org mode tables are exported to HTML using the table tag defined in org-export-html-table-tag. The default setting makes tables without cell borders and frame. If you would like to change this for individual tables, place something like the following before the table:

   #+CAPTION: This is a table with lines around and between cells
   #+ATTR_HTML: border="2" rules="all" frame="border"

Images in HTML export

HTML export can inline images given as links in the Org file, and it can make an image the clickable part of a link. By default, images are inlined if a link does not have a description.131 So [[file:myimg.jpg]] will be inlined, while [[file:myimg.jpg][the image]] will just produce a link

the image

that points to the image. If the description part itself is a file: link or a http: URL pointing to an image, this image will be inlined and activated so that clicking on the image will activate the link. For example, to include a thumbnail that will link to a high resolution version of the image, you could use:

   [[file:highres.jpg][file:thumb.jpg]]

If you need to add attributes to an inlined image, use a #+ATTR_HTML. In the example below we specify the alt and title attributes to support text viewers and accessibility, and align it to the right.

   #+CAPTION: A black cat stalking a spider
   #+ATTR_HTML: alt="cat/spider image" title="Action!" align="right"
   [[./img/a.jpg]]

{{{noindent}}} You could use http addresses just as well.

Math formatting in HTML export

LaTeX math snippets (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/LaTeX%20fragments) can be displayed in two different ways on HTML pages. The default is to use the MathJax system which should work out of the box with Org mode installation because http://orgmode.org serves

MathJax

for Org mode users for small applications and for testing purposes.132 To configure

MathJax

, use the variable org-export-html-mathjax-options or insert something like the following into the buffer:

   #+MATHJAX: align:"left" mathml:t path:"/MathJax/MathJax.js"

{{{noindent}}} See the docstring of the variable org-export-html-mathjax-options for the meaning of the parameters in this line.

If you prefer, you can also request that LaTeX fragments are processed into small images that will be inserted into the browser page. Before the availability of MathJax, this was the default method for Org files. This method requires that the

dvipng

program is available on your system. You can still get this processing with the following option:

   #+OPTIONS: LaTeX:dvipng

Text areas in HTML export

An alternative way to publish literal code examples in HTML is to use text areas, where the example can even be edited before pasting it into an application. It is triggered by a -t switch at an example or src block. Using this switch disables any options for syntax and label highlighting, and line numbering, which may be present. You may also use -h and -w switches to specify the height and width of the text area, which default to the number of lines in the example, and 80, respectively. For example

   #+BEGIN_EXAMPLE -t -w 40
     (defun org-xor (a b)
        "Exclusive or."
        (if a (not b) b))
   #+END_EXAMPLE

CSS support

You can also give style information for the exported file. The HTML exporter assigns the following special CSS classes to appropriate parts of the document—your style specifications may change these, in addition to any of the standard classes like for headlines, tables, etc.133

p.author
author information, including email
p.date
publishing date
p.creator
creator info, about org mode version
.title
document title
.todo
TODO keywords, all not-done states
.done
the DONE keywords, all states that count as done
.WAITING
each TODO keyword also uses a class named after itself
.timestamp
timestamp
.timestamp-kwd
keyword associated with a timestamp, like SCHEDULED
.timestamp-wrapper
span around keyword plus timestamp
.tag
tag in a headline
._HOME
each tag uses itself as a class, "@" replaced by "_"
.target
target for links
.linenr
the line number in a code example
.code-highlighted
for highlighting referenced code lines
div.outline-N
div for outline level N (headline plus text))
div.outline-text-N
extra div for text at outline level N
.section-number-N
section number in headlines, different for each level
div.figure
how to format an inlined image
pre.src
formatted source code
pre.example
normal example
p.verse
verse paragraph
div.footnotes
footnote section headline
p.footnote
footnote definition paragraph, containing a footnote
.footref
a footnote reference number (always a <sup>)
.footnum
footnote number in footnote definition (always <sup>)

Each exported file contains a compact default style that defines these classes in a basic way.134 You may overwrite these settings, or add to them by using the variables org-export-html-style (for Org-wide settings) and org-export-html-style-extra (for more fine-grained settings, like file-local settings). To set the latter variable individually for each file, you can use a #+STYLE: line:

   #+STYLE: <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="stylesheet.css" />

{{{noindent}}} For longer style definitions, you can use several such lines. You could also directly write a <style> </style> section in this way, without referring to an external file.

In order to add styles to a subtree, use the :HTML_CONTAINER_CLASS: property to assign a class to the tree. In order to specify CSS styles for a particular headline, you can use the id specified in a :CUSTOM_ID: property.

JavaScript support

Sebastian Rose has written a JavaScript program especially designed to enhance the web viewing experience of HTML files created with Org. This program allows you to view large files in two different ways. The first one is an Info-like mode where each section is displayed separately and navigation can be done with the keys (and some other keys as well, press

?

for an overview of the available keys). The second view type is a folding view much like Org provides inside Emacs. The script is available at http://orgmode.org/org-info.js and you can find the documentation for it at http://orgmode.org/worg/code/org-info-js/. We host the script at our site, but if you use it a lot, you might not want to be dependent on orgmode.org and prefer to install a local copy on your own web server.

To use the script, you need to make sure that the

org-jsinfo.el

module gets loaded. It should be loaded by default, but you can try

{{{kbd(M-x customize-variable

to convince yourself that this is indeed the case. All it then takes to make use of the program is adding a single line to the Org file:

   #+INFOJS_OPT: view:info toc:nil

{{{noindent}}} If this line is found, the HTML header will automatically contain the code needed to invoke the script. Using the line above, you can set the following viewing options:

path:
The path to the script. The default is to grab the script from http://orgmode.org/org-info.js, but you might want to have a local copy and use a path like

../scripts/org-info.js

.
view:

Initial view when the website is first shown. Possible values are:

info
Info-like interface with one section per page.
overview
Folding interface, initially showing only top-level.
content
Folding interface, starting with all headlines visible.
showall
Folding interface, all headlines and text visible.
sdepth:
Maximum headline level that will still become an independent section for info and folding modes. The default is taken from org-export-headline-levels (= the H switch in #+OPTIONS). If this is smaller than in org-export-headline-levels, each info/folding section can still contain child headlines.
toc:
Should the table of contents initially be visible? Even when nil, you can always get to the "toc" with

i

.
tdepth:
The depth of the table of contents. The defaults are taken from the variables org-export-headline-levels and org-export-with-toc.
ftoc:
Does the CSS of the page specify a fixed position for the "toc"? If yes, the toc will never be displayed as a section.
ltoc:
Should there be short contents (children) in each section? Make this above if the section should be above initial text.
mouse:
Headings are highlighted when the mouse is over them. Should be

underline

(default) or a background color like

#cccccc

.
buttons:
Should view-toggle buttons be everywhere? When nil (the default), only one such button will be present.

{{{noindent}}} You can choose default values for these options by customizing the variable org-infojs-options. If you always want to apply the script to your pages, configure the variable org-export-html-use-infojs.

LaTeX and PDF export

Org mode contains a LaTeX exporter written by Bastien Guerry. With further processing, this backend is also used to produce PDF output.135 Since the LaTeX output uses

hyperref

to implement links and cross references, the PDF output file will be fully linked. Beware of the fact that your org file has to be properly structured in order to be correctly exported: respect the hierarchy of sections.

LaTeX/PDF export commands

C-c C-e l

, org-export-as-latex

Export as a LaTeX file. For an Org file

myfile.org

, the LaTeX file will be

myfile.tex

. The file will be overwritten without warning. If there is an active region, only the active region will be exported.136 If the selected region is a single tree, the tree head will become the document title.137 If the tree head entry has or inherits an EXPORT_FILE_NAME property, that name will be used for the export.

C-c C-e L

, org-export-as-latex-to-buffer

Export to a temporary buffer. Do not create a file.

C-c C-e v l/L

Export only the visible part of the document.

M-x org-export-region-as-latex

Convert the region to LaTeX under the assumption that it was in Org mode syntax before. This is a global command that can be invoked in any buffer.

M-x org-replace-region-by-latex

Replace the active region (assumed to be in Org mode syntax) by LaTeX code.

C-c C-e p

, org-export-as-pdf

Export as LaTeX and then process to PDF.

C-c C-e d

, org-export-as-pdf-and-open

Export as LaTeX and then process to PDF, then open the resulting PDF file.

In the exported version, the first 3 outline levels will become headlines, defining a general document structure. Additional levels will be exported as description lists. The exporter can ignore them or convert them to a custom string depending on org-latex-low-levels.

If you want that transition to occur at a different level, specify it with a numeric prefix argument, e.g.:

   C-2 C-c C-e l

{{{noindent}}} The example setting creates two levels of headings and exports the rest as list items.

Header and sectioning

By default, the LaTeX output uses the class article.

You can change this globally by setting a different value for org-export-latex-default-class or locally by adding an option like #+LaTeX_CLASS: myclass in your file, or with a :LaTeX_CLASS: property that applies when exporting a region containing only this (sub)tree. The class must be listed in org-export-latex-classes. This variable defines a header template for each class, and allows you to define the sectioning structure for each class.138 You can also define your own classes there. #+LaTeX_CLASS_OPTIONS or a :LaTeX_CLASS_OPTIONS: property can specify the options for the \documentclass macro. The options to documentclass have to be provided, as expected by LaTeX, within square brackets. You can also use #+LaTeX_HEADER: \usepackage{xyz} to add lines to the header. See the docstring of org-export-latex-classes for more information. An example is shown below.

   #+LaTeX_CLASS: article
   #+LaTeX_CLASS_OPTIONS: [a4paper]
   #+LaTeX_HEADER: \usepackage{xyz}

   * Headline 1
     some text

Quoting LaTeX code

Embedded LaTeX as described in /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Embedded%20LaTeX, will be correctly inserted into the LaTeX file. This includes simple macros like \ref{LABEL} to create a cross reference to a figure. Furthermore, you can add special code that should only be present in LaTeX export with the following constructs:

   #+LaTeX: Literal LaTeX code for export

{{{noindent}}} or

   #+BEGIN_LaTeX
   All lines between these markers are exported literally
   #+END_LaTeX

Tables in LaTeX export

For LaTeX export of a table, you can specify a label, a caption and placement options (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Images%20and%20tables). You can also use the ATTR_LaTeX line to request a longtable environment for the table, so that it may span several pages, or to change the default table environment from table to table* or to change the default inner tabular environment to tabularx or tabulary. Finally, you can set the alignment string, and (with tabularx or tabulary) the width:

   #+CAPTION: A long table
   #+LABEL: tbl:long
   #+ATTR_LaTeX: longtable align=l|lp@{3cm@}r|l
   | ..... | ..... |
   | ..... | ..... |

or to specify a multicolumn table with tabulary:

   #+CAPTION: A wide table with tabulary
   #+LABEL: tbl:wide
   #+ATTR_LaTeX: table* tabulary width=\textwidth
   | ..... | ..... |
   | ..... | ..... |

Images in LaTeX export

Images that are linked to without a description part in the link, like [[file:img.jpg]] or [[./img.jpg]] will be inserted into the PDF output file resulting from LaTeX processing. Org will use an \includegraphics macro to insert the image. If you have specified a caption and/or a label as described in /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Images%20and%20tables, the figure will be wrapped into a figure environment and thus become a floating element. You can use an #+ATTR_LaTeX: line to specify various other options. You can ask org to export an image as a float without specifying a label or a caption by using the keyword float in this line. Various optional arguments to the \includegraphics macro can also be specified in this fashion. To modify the placement option of the floating environment, add something like

placement=[h!]

to the attributes. It is to be noted this option can be used with tables as well.139

If you would like to let text flow around the image, add the word

wrap

to the #+ATTR_LaTeX: line, which will make the figure occupy the left half of the page. To fine-tune, the placement field will be the set of additional arguments needed by the wrapfigure environment. Note that if you change the size of the image, you need to use compatible settings for \includegraphics and wrapfigure.

   #+CAPTION:    The black-body emission of the disk around HR 4049
   #+LABEL:      fig:SED-HR4049
   #+ATTR_LaTeX: width=5cm,angle=90
   [[./img/sed-hr4049.pdf]]

   #+ATTR_LaTeX: width=0.38\textwidth wrap placement=@{r@}@{0.4\textwidth@}
   [[./img/hst.png]]

If you wish to include an image which spans multiple columns in a page, you can use the keyword multicolumn in the #+ATTR_LaTeX line. This will export the image wrapped in a figure* environment.

If you need references to a label created in this way, write \ref{fig:SED-HR4049} just like in LaTeX.

Beamer class export

The LaTeX class

beamer

allows production of high quality presentations using LaTeX and pdf processing. Org mode has special support for turning an Org mode file or tree into a

beamer

presentation.

When the LaTeX class for the current buffer (as set with #+LaTeX_CLASS: beamer) or subtree (set with a LaTeX_CLASS property) is beamer, a special export mode will turn the file or tree into a beamer presentation. Any tree with not-too-deep level nesting should in principle be exportable as a beamer presentation. By default, the top-level entries (or the first level below the selected subtree heading) will be turned into frames, and the outline structure below this level will become itemize lists. You can also configure the variable org-beamer-frame-level to a different level—then the hierarchy above frames will produce the sectioning structure of the presentation.

A template for useful in-buffer settings or properties can be inserted into the buffer with

M-x org-insert-beamer-options-template

. Among other things, this will install a column view format which is very handy for editing special properties used by beamer.

You can influence the structure of the presentation using the following properties:

BEAMER_env
The environment that should be used to format this entry. Valid environments are defined in the constant org-beamer-environments-default, and you can define more in org-beamer-environments-extra. If this property is set, the entry will also get a :B_environment: tag to make this visible. This tag has no semantic meaning, it is only a visual aid.
BEAMER_envargs
The beamer-special arguments that should be used for the environment, like [t] or [<+->] of <2-3>. If the BEAMER_col property is also set, something like C[t] can be added here as well to set an options argument for the implied columns environment. c[t] or c<2-> will set an options for the implied column environment.
BEAMER_col
The width of a column that should start with this entry. If this property is set, the entry will also get a :BMCOL: property to make this visible. Also this tag is only a visual aid. When this is a plain number, it will be interpreted as a fraction of \textwidth. Otherwise it will be assumed that you have specified the units, like

3cm

. The first such property in a frame will start a columns environment to surround the columns. This environment is closed when an entry has a BEAMER_col property with value 0 or 1, or automatically at the end of the frame.
BEAMER_extra
Additional commands that should be inserted after the environment has been opened. For example, when creating a frame, this can be used to specify transitions.

Frames will automatically receive a fragile option if they contain source code that uses the verbatim environment. Special

beamer

specific code can be inserted using #+BEAMER: and #+BEGIN_BEAMER … #+END_BEAMER constructs, similar to other export backends, but with the difference that #+LaTeX: stuff will be included in the presentation as well.

Outline nodes with BEAMER_env property value

note

or

noteNH

will be formatted as beamer notes, i,e, they will be wrapped into \note{...}. The former will include the heading as part of the note text, the latter will ignore the heading of that node. To simplify note generation, it is actually enough to mark the note with a tag (either :B_note: or :B_noteNH:) instead of creating the BEAMER_env property.

You can turn on a special minor mode org-beamer-mode for editing support with the following line:

   #+STARTUP: beamer

C-c C-b

, org-beamer-select-environment

In org-beamer-mode, this key offers fast selection of a beamer environment or the BEAMER_col property.

Column view provides a great way to set the environment of a node and other important parameters. Make sure you are using a COLUMN format that is geared toward this special purpose. The command

M-x org-insert-beamer-options-template

defines such a format.

Here is a simple example Org document that is intended for beamer export.

   #+LaTeX_CLASS: beamer
   #+TITLE: Example Presentation
   #+AUTHOR: Carsten Dominik
   #+LaTeX_CLASS_OPTIONS: [presentation]
   #+BEAMER_FRAME_LEVEL: 2
   #+BEAMER_HEADER_EXTRA: \usetheme@{Madrid@}\usecolortheme@{default@}
   #+COLUMNS: %35ITEM %10BEAMER_env(Env) %10BEAMER_envargs(Args) %4BEAMER_col(Col) %8BEAMER_extra(Ex)

   * This is the first structural section

   ** Frame 1 \\ with a subtitle
   *** Thanks to Eric Fraga                                      :BMCOL:B_block:
       :PROPERTIES:
       :BEAMER_env: block
       :BEAMER_envargs: C[t]
       :BEAMER_col: 0.5
       :END:
       for the first viable beamer setup in Org
   *** Thanks to everyone else                                   :BMCOL:B_block:
       :PROPERTIES:
       :BEAMER_col: 0.5
       :BEAMER_env: block
       :BEAMER_envargs: <2->
       :END:
       for contributing to the discussion
   **** This will be formatted as a beamer note                  :B_note:
   ** Frame 2 \\ where we will not use columns
   *** Request                                                   :B_block:
       Please test this stuff!
       :PROPERTIES:
       :BEAMER_env: block
       :END:

For more information, see the documentation on Worg.

DocBook export

Org contains a DocBook exporter written by Baoqiu Cui. Once an Org file is exported to DocBook format, it can be further processed to produce other formats, including PDF, HTML, man pages, etc., using many available DocBook tools and stylesheets.

Currently DocBook exporter only supports DocBook V5.0.

DocBook export commands

C-c C-e D

, org-export-as-docbook

Export as a DocBook file. For an Org file,

myfile.org

, the DocBook XML file will be

myfile.xml

. The file will be overwritten without warning. If there is an active region, only the region will be exported.140 If the selected region is a single tree, the tree head will become the document title.141 If the tree head entry has, or inherits, an EXPORT_FILE_NAME property, that name will be used for the export.

C-c C-e V

, org-export-as-docbook-pdf-and-open

Export as a DocBook file, process to PDF, then open the resulting PDF file.

Note that, in order to produce PDF output based on an exported DocBook file, you need to have XSLT processor and XSL-FO processor software installed on your system. Check variables org-export-docbook-xslt-proc-command and org-export-docbook-xsl-fo-proc-command.

The stylesheet argument %s in variable org-export-docbook-xslt-proc-command is replaced by the value of variable org-export-docbook-xslt-stylesheet, which needs to be set by the user. You can also overrule this global setting on a per-file basis by adding an in-buffer setting #+XSLT: to the Org file.

C-c C-e v D

Export only the visible part of the document.

Quoting DocBook code

You can quote DocBook code in Org files and copy it verbatim into exported DocBook file with the following constructs:

   #+DOCBOOK: Literal DocBook code for export

{{{noindent}}} or

   #+BEGIN_DOCBOOK
   All lines between these markers are exported by DocBook exporter
   literally.
   #+END_DOCBOOK

For example, you can use the following lines to include a DocBook warning admonition. As to what this warning says, you should pay attention to the document context when quoting DocBook code in Org files. You may make exported DocBook XML files invalid by not quoting DocBook code correctly.

   #+BEGIN_DOCBOOK
   <warning>
     <para>You should know what you are doing when quoting DocBook XML code
     in your Org file.  Invalid DocBook XML may be generated by
     DocBook exporter if you are not careful!</para>
   </warning>
   #+END_DOCBOOK

Recursive sections

DocBook exporter exports Org files as articles using the article element in DocBook. Recursive sections, i.e., section elements, are used in exported articles. Top level headlines in Org files are exported as top level sections, and lower level headlines are exported as nested sections. The entire structure of Org files will be exported completely, no matter how many nested levels of headlines there are.

Using recursive sections makes it easy to port and reuse exported DocBook code in other DocBook document types like book or set.

Tables in DocBook export

Tables in Org files are exported as HTML tables, which have been supported since DocBook V4.3.

If a table does not have a caption, an informal table is generated using the informaltable element; otherwise, a formal table will be generated using the table element.

Images in DocBook export

Images that are linked to without a description part in the link, like [[file:img.jpg]] or [[./img.jpg]], will be exported to DocBook using mediaobject elements. Each mediaobject element contains an imageobject that wraps an imagedata element. If you have specified a caption for an image as described in [[Images and tables]], a caption element will be added in mediaobject. If a label is also specified, it will be exported as an xml:id attribute of the mediaobject element.

Image attributes supported by the imagedata element, like align or width, can be specified in two ways: you can either customize variable org-export-docbook-default-image-attributes or use the #+ATTR_DOCBOOK: line. Attributes specified in variable org-export-docbook-default-image-attributes are applied to all inline images in the Org file to be exported (unless they are overridden by image attributes specified in #+ATTR_DOCBOOK: lines).

The #+ATTR_DOCBOOK: line can be used to specify additional image attributes or override default image attributes for individual images. If the same attribute appears in both the #+ATTR_DOCBOOK: line and variable org-export-docbook-default-image-attributes, the former takes precedence. Here is an example about how image attributes can be set:

   #+CAPTION:    The logo of Org mode
   #+LABEL:      unicorn-svg
   #+ATTR_DOCBOOK: scalefit="1" width="100%" depth="100%"
   [[./img/org-mode-unicorn.svg]]

By default, DocBook exporter recognizes the following image file types: , . You can customize variable org-export-docbook-inline-image-extensions to add more types to this list as long as DocBook supports them.

Special characters

Special characters that are written in TeX-like syntax, such as \alpha, \Gamma, and \Zeta, are supported by DocBook exporter. These characters are rewritten to XML entities, like &alpha;, &Gamma;, and &Zeta;, based on the list saved in variable org-entities. As long as the generated DocBook file includes the corresponding entities, these special characters are recognized.

You can customize variable org-export-docbook-doctype to include the entities you need. For example, you can set variable org-export-docbook-doctype to the following value to recognize all special characters included in XHTML entities:

   "<!DOCTYPE article [
   <!ENTITY % xhtml1-symbol PUBLIC
   \"-//W3C//ENTITIES Symbol for HTML//EN//XML\"
   \"http://www.w3.org/2003/entities/2007/xhtml1-symbol.ent\"
   >
   %xhtml1-symbol;
   ]>
   "

OpenDocument Text export

Org Mode supports export to OpenDocument Text (ODT) format using the

org-odt.el

module.142 Documents created by this exporter use the

OpenDocument-v1.2 specification

and are compatible with LibreOffice 3.4.143

Pre-requisites for ODT export

The ODT exporter relies on the

zip

program to create the final output. Check the availability of this program before proceeding further.

ODT export commands

<<x-export-to-odt>>

C-c C-e o

, org-export-as-odt

Export as OpenDocument Text file.

If org-export-odt-preferred-output-format is specified, automatically convert the exported file to that format. See /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Automatically%20exporting%20to%20other%20formats.

For an Org file

myfile.org

, the ODT file will be

myfile.odt

. The file will be overwritten without warning. If there is an active region, only the region will be exported.144 If the selected region is a single tree, the tree head will become the document title.145 If the tree head entry has, or inherits, an EXPORT_FILE_NAME property, that name will be used for the export.

C-c C-e O

, org-export-as-odt-and-open

Export as an OpenDocument Text file and open the resulting file.

If org-export-odt-preferred-output-format is specified, open the converted file instead. See Automatically exporting to other formats.

Extending ODT export

The ODT exporter can interface with a variety of document converters and supports popular converters out of the box. As a result, you can use it to export to formats like

doc

or convert a document from one format (say

csv

) to another format (say ).

If you have a working installation of LibreOffice, a document converter is pre-configured for you and you can use it right away. If you would like to use

unoconv

as your preferred converter, customize the variable org-export-odt-convert-process to point to unoconv. You can also use your own favorite converter or tweak the default settings of the

LibreOffice

and

unoconv

converters. See /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Configuring%20a%20document%20converter.

Automatically exporting to other formats

<<x-export-to-other-formats>>

Very often, you will find yourself exporting to ODT format, only to immediately save the exported document to other formats like etc. In such cases, you can specify your preferred output format by customizing the variable org-export-odt-preferred-output-format. This way, the export commands (see Exporting to ODT) can be extended to export to a format that is of immediate interest to you.

Converting between document formats

There are many document converters in the wild that support conversion to and from various file formats, including, but not limited to the ODT format. LibreOffice converter, mentioned above, is one such converter. Once a converter is configured, you can interact with it using the following command.

M-x org-export-odt-convert

Convert an existing document from one format to another. With a prefix argument, also open the newly produced file.

Applying custom styles

The ODT exporter ships with a set of OpenDocument styles (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Working%20with%20OpenDocument%20style%20files) that ensure a well-formatted output. These factory styles, however, may not cater to your specific tastes. To customize the output, you can either modify the above styles files directly, or generate the required styles using an application like LibreOffice. The latter method is suitable for expert and non-expert users alike, and is described here.

Custom styles can be applied in three easy steps:

  1. Create a sample

    example.org

    file with the below settings and export it to ODT format.

       #+OPTIONS: H:10 num:t
  2. Open the above

    example.odt

    using LibreOffice. Use the

    Stylist

    to locate the target styles—these typically have the

    Org

    prefix—and modify those to your taste. Save the modified file either as an OpenDocument Text () file.

  3. Customize the variable org-export-odt-styles-file and point it to the newly created file. For additional configuration options see Overriding factory styles.

    If you would like to choose a style on a per-file basis, you can use the #+ODT_STYLES_FILE option. A typical setting will look like one of these two examples:

       #+ODT_STYLES_FILE: "/path/to/example.ott"

    or

       #+ODT_STYLES_FILE: ("/path/to/file.ott" ("styles.xml" "image/hdr.png"))

Although you can use third-party styles and templates for customizing your output, this will produce the desired output only if the template provides all style names that the

ODT

exporter relies upon. Unless this condition is met, the output is going to be less than satisfactory. It is highly recommended that you only work with templates that are directly derived from the factory settings.

Links in ODT export

ODT exporter creates native cross-references for internal links. It creates Internet-style links for all other links.

A link with no description and destined to a regular (un-itemized) outline heading is replaced with a cross-reference and section number of the heading.

A \ref{label}-style reference to an image, table etc. is replaced with a cross-reference and sequence number of the labeled entity. See /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Labels%20and%20captions%20in%20ODT%20export.

Tables in ODT export

Export of native Org mode tables (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Tables) and simple

table.el

tables is supported. However, export of complex

table.el

tables—tables that have column or row spans—is not supported. Such tables are stripped from the exported document.

By default, a table is exported with top and bottom frames and with rules separating row and column groups (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Column%20groups). Furthermore, all tables are typeset to occupy the same width. If the table specifies alignment and relative width for its columns (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Column%20width%20and%20alignment) then these are honored on export.146

You can control the width of the table by specifying :rel-width property using an #+ATTR_ODT line.

For example, consider the following table which makes use of all the rules mentioned above.

   #+ATTR_ODT: :rel-width 50
   | Area/Month    |   Jan |   Feb |   Mar |   Sum |
   |---------------+-------+-------+-------+-------|
   | /             |     < |       |       |     < |
   | <l13>         |  <r5> |  <r5> |  <r5> |  <r6> |
   | North America |     1 |    21 |   926 |   948 |
   | Middle East   |     6 |    75 |   844 |   925 |
   | Asia Pacific  |     9 |    27 |   790 |   826 |
   |---------------+-------+-------+-------+-------|
   | Sum           |    16 |   123 |  2560 |  2699 |

On export, the table will occupy 50% of text area. The columns will be sized (roughly) in the ratio of 13:5:5:5:6. The first column will be left-aligned and rest of the columns will be right-aligned. There will be vertical rules after separating the header and last columns from other columns. There will be horizontal rules separating the header and last rows from other rows.

If you are not satisfied with the above formatting options, you can create custom table styles and associate them with a table using the #+ATTR_ODT line. See /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Customizing%20tables%20in%20ODT%20export.

Images in ODT export

You can embed images within the exported document by providing a link to the desired image file with no link description. For example, to embed

img.png

do either of the following:

   [[file:img.png]]

   [[./img.png]]

You can create clickable images by providing a link whose description is a link to an image file. For example, to embed an image

org-mode-unicorn.png

, which when clicked jumps to http://Orgmode.org website, do the following:

   [[http://orgmode.org][./org-mode-unicorn.png]]

You can control the size and scale of the embedded images using the #+ATTR_ODT attribute.

The exporter specifies the desired size of the image in the final document in units of centimeters. In order to scale the embedded images, the exporter queries for pixel dimensions of the images using either ImageMagick's

identify

program, or Emacs' `create-image' and `image-size' APIs.147 The pixel dimensions are subsequently converted to centimeters using org-export-odt-pixels-per-inch. The default value of this variable is set to display-pixels-per-inch. You can tweak this variable to achieve the best results.

The examples below illustrate the various possibilities.

Explicitly size the image

To embed

img.png

as a 10 cm x 10 cm image, do the following:

   #+ATTR_ODT: :width 10 :height 10
   [[./img.png]]
Scale the image

To embed

img.png

at half its size, do the following:

   #+ATTR_ODT: :scale 0.5
   [[./img.png]]
Scale the image to a specific width

To embed

img.png

with a width of 10 cm while retaining the original height:width ratio, do the following:

   #+ATTR_ODT: :width 10
   [[./img.png]]
Scale the image to a specific height

To embed

img.png

with a height of 10 cm while retaining the original height:width ratio, do the following:

   #+ATTR_ODT: :height 10
   [[./img.png]]

You can control the manner in which an image is anchored by setting the :anchor property of it's #+ATTR_ODT line. You can specify one of the the following three values for the :anchor property - .

To create an image that is anchored to a page, do the following:

   #+ATTR_ODT: :anchor "page"
   [[./img.png]]

Math formatting in ODT export

The ODT exporter has special support for handling math.

Working with LaTeX math snippets

LaTeX math snippets (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/LaTeX%20fragments) can be embedded in the ODT document in one of the following ways:

MathML

This option is activated on a per-file basis with the following option:

   #+OPTIONS: LaTeX:t

With this option, LaTeX fragments are first converted into MathML fragments using an external LaTeX-to-MathML converter program. The resulting MathML fragments are then embedded as an OpenDocument Formula in the exported document.

You can specify the LaTeX-to-MathML converter by customizing the variables org-latex-to-mathml-convert-command and org-latex-to-mathml-jar-file.

If you prefer to use

MathToWeb

as your converter, you can configure the above variables as shown below.148

(setq org-latex-to-mathml-convert-command
      "java -jar %j -unicode -force -df %o %I"
      org-latex-to-mathml-jar-file
      "/path/to/mathtoweb.jar")

You can use the following commands to quickly verify the reliability of the LaTeX-to-MathML converter.

M-x org-export-as-odf

Convert a LaTeX math snippet to an OpenDocument formula (

.odf

) file.

M-x org-export-as-odf-and-open

Convert a LaTeX math snippet to an OpenDocument formula (

.odf

) file and open the formula file with the system-registered application.
PNG images

This option is activated on a per-file basis with

   #+OPTIONS: LaTeX:dvipng

With this option, LaTeX fragments are processed into PNG images and the resulting images are embedded in the exported document. This method requires that the

dvipng

program be available on your system.

Working with MathML or OpenDocument formula files

For various reasons, you may find embedding LaTeX math snippets in an ODT document less than reliable. In that case, you can embed a math equation by linking to its MathML (

.mml

) source or its OpenDocument formula (

.odf

) file as shown below:

   [[./equation.mml]]

or

   [[./equation.odf]]

Labels and captions in ODT export

You can label and caption various category of objects—an inline image, a table, a LaTeX fragment or a Math formula—using #+LABEL and #+CAPTION lines. See /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Images%20and%20tables. ODT exporter enumerates each labeled or captioned object of a given category separately. As a result, each such object is assigned a sequence number based on order of its appearance in the Org file.

In the exported document, a user-provided caption is augmented with the category and sequence number. Consider the following inline image in an Org file:

   #+CAPTION: Bell curve
   #+LABEL:   fig:SED-HR4049
   [[./img/a.png]]

It could be rendered as shown below in the exported document.

   Figure 2: Bell curve

You can modify the category component of the caption by customizing the variable org-export-odt-category-strings. For example, to tag all embedded images with the string

Illustration

(instead of the default

Figure

) use the following setting.

(setq org-export-odt-category-strings
      '(("en" "Table" "Illustration" "Equation" "Equation")))

With this, previous image will be captioned as below in the exported document.

   Illustration 2: Bell curve

Literal examples in ODT export

Export of literal examples (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Literal%20examples) with full fontification is supported. Internally, the exporter relies on

htmlfontify.el

to generate all style definitions needed for a fancy listing.149 The auto-generated styles have

OrgSrc

as prefix and inherit their color from the faces used by Emacs font-lock library for the source language.

If you prefer to use your own custom styles for fontification, you can do so by customizing the variable org-export-odt-create-custom-styles-for-srcblocks.

You can turn off fontification of literal examples by customizing the variable org-export-odt-fontify-srcblocks.

Advanced topics in ODT export

If you rely heavily on ODT export, you may want to exploit the full set of features that the exporter offers. This section describes features that would be of interest to power users.

Configuring a document converter

The ODT exporter can work with popular converters with little or no extra configuration from your side. See /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Extending%20ODT%20export. If you are using a converter that is not supported by default or if you would like to tweak the default converter settings, proceed as below.

Register the converter

Name your converter and add it to the list of known converters by customizing the variable org-export-odt-convert-processes. Also specify how the converter can be invoked via command-line to effect the conversion.

Configure its capabilities

Specify the set of formats the converter can handle by customizing the variable org-export-odt-convert-capabilities. Use the default value for this variable as a guide for configuring your converter. As suggested by the default setting, you can specify the full set of formats supported by the converter and not limit yourself to specifying formats that are related to just the OpenDocument Text format.

Choose the converter

Select the newly added converter as the preferred one by customizing the variable org-export-odt-convert-process.

Working with OpenDocument style files

This section explores the internals of the ODT exporter and the means by which it produces styled documents. Read this section if you are interested in exploring the automatic and custom OpenDocument styles used by the exporter.

The ODT exporter relies on two files for generating its output. These files are bundled with the distribution under the directory pointed to by the variable org-odt-styles-dir. The two files are:

OrgOdtStyles.xml

<<x-orgodtstyles-xml>> This file contributes to the

styles.xml

file of the final

ODT

document. This file is modified to control outline numbering based on user settings, and To add styles generated by

htmlfontify.el

for fontification of code blocks.

OrgOdtContentTemplate.xml

<<x-orgodtcontenttemplate-xml>> This file contributes to the

content.xml

file of the final

ODT

document. The contents of the Org outline are inserted between the <office:text> and </office:text> elements of this file. In addition to serving as a template file for the final

content.xml

, the file also contains automatic styles for formatting of tables which are referenced by the exporter, and <text:sequence-decl> … </text:sequence-decl> elements that control how various entities—tables, images, equations, etc.—are numbered.

<<x-overriding-factory-styles>>

The following two variables control the location from which the ODT exporter picks up the custom styles and content template files. You can customize these variables to override the factory styles used by the exporter.

org-export-odt-styles-file

<<x-org-export-odt-styles-file>>

Use this variable to specify the

styles.xml

that will be used in the final output. You can specify one of the following values:

A

styles.xml

file
Use this file instead of the default

styles.xml

A file
Use the

styles.xml

contained in the specified OpenDocument Text or Template file.
A file and a subset of files contained within them
Use the

styles.xml

contained in the specified OpenDocument Text or Template file. Additionally extract the specified member files and embed those within the final

ODT

document. Use this option if the

styles.xml

file references additional files like header and footer images.
nil
Use the default

styles.xml

org-export-odt-content-template-file
<<x-org-export-odt-content-template-file>> Use this variable to specify the blank

content.xml

that will be used in the final output.
Creating one-off styles

There are times when you would want one-off formatting in the exported document. You can achieve this by embedding raw OpenDocument XML in the Org file. The use of this feature is better illustrated with couple of examples.

Embedding ODT tags as part of regular text

You can include simple OpenDocument tags by prefixing them with

@

. For example, to highlight a region of text do the following:

   @<text:span text:style-name="Highlight">This is a
   highlighted text@</text:span>.  But this is a
   regular text.

Hint: To see the above example in action, edit your

styles.xml

(see Factory styles) and add a custom

Highlight

style as shown below.

   <style:style style:name="Highlight" style:family="text">
     <style:text-properties fo:background-color="#ff0000"/>
   </style:style>
Embedding a one-line OpenDocument XML

You can add a simple OpenDocument one-liner using the #+ODT: directive. For example, to force a page break do the following:

   #+ODT: <text:p text:style-name="PageBreak"/>

Hint: To see the above example in action, edit your

styles.xml

(see Factory styles) and add a custom

PageBreak

style as shown below.

   <style:style style:name="PageBreak" style:family="paragraph"
                style:parent-style-name="Text_20_body">
     <style:paragraph-properties fo:break-before="page"/>
   </style:style>
Embedding a block of OpenDocument XML

You can add a large block of OpenDocument XML using the #+BEGIN_ODT … #+END_ODT construct.

For example, to create a one-off paragraph that uses bold text, do the following:

   #+BEGIN_ODT
   <text:p text:style-name="Text_20_body_20_bold">
   This paragraph is specially formatted and uses bold text.
   </text:p>
   #+END_ODT
Customizing tables in ODT export

You can override the default formatting of the table by specifying a custom table style with the #+ATTR_ODT line. For a discussion on default formatting of tables see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Tables%20in%20ODT%20export.

This feature closely mimics the way table templates are defined in the OpenDocument-v1.2 specification.150

To have a quick preview of this feature, install the following setting and export the example table.

  (setq org-export-odt-table-styles
        (append org-export-odt-table-styles
                '(("TableWithHeaderRowAndColumn" "Custom"
                   ((use-first-row-styles . t)
                    (use-first-column-styles . t)))
                  ("TableWithFirstRowandLastRow" "Custom"
                   ((use-first-row-styles . t)
                    (use-last-row-styles . t))))))
   #+ATTR_ODT: :style "TableWithHeaderRowAndColumn"
   | Name  | Phone | Age |
   | Peter |  1234 |  17 |
   | Anna  |  4321 |  25 |

In the above example, you used a template named

Custom

and installed two table styles with the names

TableWithHeaderRowAndColumn

and

TableWithFirstRowandLastRow

. (Important: The OpenDocument styles needed for producing the above template have been pre-defined for you. These styles are available under the section marked

Custom Table Template

in

OrgOdtContentTemplate.xml

(see Factory styles). If you need additional templates you have to define these styles yourself.

To use this feature proceed as follows:

Create a table template151

A table template is nothing but a set of

table-cell

and

paragraph

styles for each of the following table cell categories:

  • Body
  • First column
  • Last column
  • First row
  • Last row
  • Even row
  • Odd row
  • Even column
  • Odd Column

The names for the above styles must be chosen based on the name of the table template using a well-defined convention.

The naming convention is better illustrated with an example. For a table template with the name

Custom

, the needed style names are listed in the following table.

Table cell type table-cell style paragraph style
Body

CustomTableCell

CustomTableParagraph
First column

CustomFirstColumnTableCell

CustomFirstColumnTableParagraph
Last column

CustomLastColumnTableCell

CustomLastColumnTableParagraph
First row

CustomFirstRowTableCell

CustomFirstRowTableParagraph
Last row

CustomLastRowTableCell

CustomLastRowTableParagraph
Even row

CustomEvenRowTableCell

CustomEvenRowTableParagraph
Odd row

CustomOddRowTableCell

CustomOddRowTableParagraph
Even column

CustomEvenColumnTableCell

CustomEvenColumnTableParagraph
Odd column

CustomOddColumnTableCell

CustomOddColumnTableParagraph

To create a table template with the name

Custom

, define the above styles in the <office:automatic-styles> … </office:automatic-styles> element of the content template file (see Factory styles).

Define a table style152

To define a table style, create an entry for the style in the variable org-export-odt-table-styles and specify the following:

  • the name of the table template created in step (1)
  • the set of cell styles in that template that are to be activated

For example, the entry below defines two different table styles

TableWithHeaderRowAndColumn

and

TableWithFirstRowandLastRow

based on the same template

Custom

. The styles achieve their intended effect by selectively activating the individual cell styles in that template.

(setq org-export-odt-table-styles
      (append org-export-odt-table-styles
              '(("TableWithHeaderRowAndColumn" "Custom"
                 ((use-first-row-styles . t)
                  (use-first-column-styles . t)))
                ("TableWithFirstRowandLastRow" "Custom"
                 ((use-first-row-styles . t)
                  (use-last-row-styles . t))))))
Associate a table with the table style

To do this, specify the table style created in step (2) as part of the ATTR_ODT line as shown below.

   #+ATTR_ODT: :style "TableWithHeaderRowAndColumn"
   | Name  | Phone | Age |
   | Peter |  1234 |  17 |
   | Anna  |  4321 |  25 |
Validating OpenDocument XML

Occasionally, you will discover that the document created by the ODT exporter cannot be opened by your favorite application. One of the common reasons for this is that the

.odt

file is corrupt. In such cases, you may want to validate the document against the OpenDocument RELAX NG Compact Syntax (RNC) schema.

For de-compressing the

.odt

file153: info:emacs#File%20Archives. For general help with validation (and schema-sensitive editing) of XML files: info:nxml-mode#Introduction.

If you have ready access to OpenDocument

.rnc

files and the needed schema-locating rules in a single folder, you can customize the variable org-export-odt-schema-dir to point to that directory. The ODT exporter will take care of updating the rng-schema-locating-files for you.

TaskJuggler export

TaskJuggler is a project management tool. It provides an optimizing scheduler that computes your project time lines and resource assignments based on the project outline and the constraints that you have provided.

The TaskJuggler exporter is a bit different from other exporters, such as the HTML and LaTeX exporters for example, in that it does not export all the nodes of a document or strictly follow the order of the nodes in the document.

Instead the TaskJuggler exporter looks for a tree that defines the tasks and optionally trees that define the resources and reports for this project. It then creates a TaskJuggler file based on these trees and the attributes defined in all the nodes.

TaskJuggler export commands

C-c C-e j

, org-export-as-taskjuggler

Export as a TaskJuggler file.

C-c C-e J

, org-export-as-taskjuggler-and-open

Export as a TaskJuggler file and then open the file with TaskJugglerUI (only for TaskJugglerUI 2.x).

Tasks

Create your tasks as you usually do with Org mode. Assign efforts to each task using properties (it is easiest to do this in the column view). You should end up with something similar to the example by Peter Jones in http://www.contextualdevelopment.com/static/artifacts/articles/2008/project-planning/project-planning.org. Now mark the top node of your tasks with a tag named :taskjuggler_project: (or whatever you customized org-export-taskjuggler-project-tag to). You are now ready to export the project plan with

C-c C-e J

which will export the project plan and open a gantt chart in TaskJugglerUI.

Resources

Next you can define resources and assign those to work on specific tasks. You can group your resources hierarchically. Tag the top node of the resources with :taskjuggler_resource: (or whatever you customized org-export-taskjuggler-resource-tag to). You can optionally assign an identifier (named

resource_id

) to the resources (using the standard Org properties commands, see [[Property syntax]]) or you can let the exporter generate identifiers automatically (the exporter picks the first word of the headline as the identifier as long as it is unique—see the documentation of org-taskjuggler-get-unique-id). Using that identifier you can then allocate resources to tasks. This is again done with the

allocate

property on the tasks. Do this in column view or when on the task type

{{{kbd(C-c C-x p allocate

.

Once the allocations are done you can again export to TaskJuggler and check in the Resource Allocation Graph which person is working on what task at what time.

Export of properties

The exporter also takes TODO state information into consideration, i.e., if a task is marked as done it will have the corresponding attribute in TaskJuggler (

complete 100

). Scheduling information is also taken into account to set start/end dates for tasks.

The exporter will also export any property on a task resource or resource node which is known to TaskJuggler, such as , , , , , ,

scheduling

, etc for tasks.

Dependencies

The exporter will handle dependencies that are defined in the tasks either with the

ORDERED

attribute (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/TODO%20dependencies), with the ) or alternatively with a

depends

attribute. Both the attribute can be either

previous-sibling

or a reference to an identifier (named

task_id

) which is defined for another task in the project. attribute can define multiple dependencies separated by either space or comma. You can also specify optional attributes on the dependency by simply appending it. The following examples should illustrate this:

   * Preparation
   ,  :PROPERTIES:
   ,  :task_id:  preparation
   ,  :ORDERED:  t
   ,  :END:
   * Training material
   ,  :PROPERTIES:
   ,  :task_id:  training_material
   ,  :ORDERED:  t
   ,  :END:
   ** Markup Guidelines
   ,   :PROPERTIES:
   ,   :Effort:   2d
   ,   :END:
   ** Workflow Guidelines
   ,   :PROPERTIES:
   ,   :Effort:   2d
   ,   :END:
   * Presentation
   ,  :PROPERTIES:
   ,  :Effort:   2d
   ,  :BLOCKER:  training_material { gapduration 1d } preparation
   ,  :END:

Reports

TaskJuggler can produce many kinds of reports (e.g., gantt chart, resource allocation, etc). The user defines what kind of reports should be generated for a project in the TaskJuggler file. By default, the exporter will automatically insert some pre-set reports in the file. These defaults are defined in org-export-taskjuggler-default-reports. They can be modified using customize along with a number of other options. For a more complete list, see

{{{kbd(M-x customize-group

.

Alternately, the user can tag a tree with org-export-taskjuggler-report-tag, and define reports in sub-nodes, similarly to what is done with tasks or resources. The properties used for report generation are defined in org-export-taskjuggler-valid-report-attributes. In addition, a special property named

report-kind

is used to define the kind of report one wants to generate (by default, a

taskreport

).

For more information and examples see the Org-taskjuggler tutorial at http://orgmode.org/worg/org-tutorials/org-taskjuggler.html.

Freemind export

The Freemind exporter was written by Lennart Borgman.

C-c C-e m

, org-export-as-freemind

Export as a Freemind mind map. For an Org file

myfile.org

, the Freemind file will be

myfile.mm

.

XOXO export

Org mode contains an exporter that produces XOXO-style output. Currently, this exporter only handles the general outline structure and does not interpret any additional Org mode features.

C-c C-e x

, org-export-as-xoxo

Export as an XOXO file. For an Org file

myfile.org

, the XOXO file will be

myfile.html

.

C-c C-e v x

Export only the visible part of the document.

iCalendar export

Some people use Org mode for keeping track of projects, but still prefer a standard calendar application for anniversaries and appointments. In this case it can be useful to show deadlines and other time-stamped items in Org files in the calendar application. Org mode can export calendar information in the standard iCalendar format. If you also want to have TODO entries included in the export, configure the variable org-icalendar-include-todo. Plain timestamps are exported as VEVENT, and TODO items as VTODO. It will also create events from deadlines that are in non-TODO items. Deadlines and scheduling dates in TODO items will be used to set the start and due dates for the TODO entry.154 As categories, it will use the tags locally defined in the heading, and the file/tree category.155 See the variable org-icalendar-alarm-time for a way to assign alarms to entries with a time.

The iCalendar standard requires each entry to have a globally unique identifier (UID). Org creates these identifiers during export. If you set the variable org-icalendar-store-UID, the UID will be stored in the :ID: property of the entry and re-used next time you report this entry. Since a single entry can give rise to multiple iCalendar entries (as a timestamp, a deadline, a scheduled item, and as a TODO item), Org adds prefixes to the UID, depending on what triggered the inclusion of the entry. In this way the UID remains unique, but a synchronization program can still figure out from which entry all the different instances originate.

C-c C-e i

, org-export-icalendar-this-file

Create iCalendar entries for the current file and store them in the same directory, using a file extension

.ics

.

C-c C-e I

, ~ org-export-icalendar-all-agenda-files~

Like

C-c C-e i

, but do this for all files in org-agenda-files. For each of these files, a separate iCalendar file will be written.

C-c C-e c

, org-export-icalendar-combine-agenda-files

Create a single large iCalendar file from all files in org-agenda-files and write it to the file given by org-combined-agenda-icalendar-file.

The export will honor SUMMARY, DESCRIPTION and LOCATION properties if the selected entries have them.156 If not, the summary will be derived from the headline, and the description from the body (limited to org-icalendar-include-body characters).

How this calendar is best read and updated, depends on the application you are using. The FAQ covers this issue.

Publishing

Org includes a publishing management system that allows you to configure automatic HTML conversion of projects composed of interlinked org files. You can also configure Org to automatically upload your exported HTML pages and related attachments, such as images and source code files, to a web server.

You can also use Org to convert files into PDF, or even combine HTML and PDF conversion so that files are available in both formats on the server.

Publishing has been contributed to Org by David O'Toole.

Configuration

Publishing needs significant configuration to specify files, destination and many other properties of a project.

Project alist

Publishing is configured almost entirely through setting the value of one variable, called org-publish-project-alist. Each element of the list configures one project, and may be in one of the two following forms:

   ("project-name" :property value :property value ...)

i.e., a well-formed property list with alternating keys and values, or:

   ("project-name" :components ("project-name" "project-name" ...))

In both cases, projects are configured by specifying property values. A project defines the set of files that will be published, as well as the publishing configuration to use when publishing those files. When a project takes the second form listed above, the individual members of the :components property are taken to be sub-projects, which group together files requiring different publishing options. When you publish such a "meta-project," all the components will also be published, in the sequence given.

Sources and destinations

Most properties are optional, but some should always be set. In particular, Org needs to know where to look for source files, and where to put published files.

:base-directory
Directory containing publishing source files
:publishing-directory
Directory where output files will be published. You can directly publish to a webserver using a file name syntax appropriate for the Emacs

tramp

package. Or you can publish to a local directory and use external tools to upload your website (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Uploading%20files).
:preparation-function
Function or list of functions to be called before starting the publishing process, for example, to run make for updating files to be published. The project property list is scoped into this call as the variable project-plist.
:completion-function
Function or list of functions called after finishing the publishing process, for example, to change permissions of the resulting files. The project property list is scoped into this call as the variable project-plist.

Selecting files

By default, all files with extension

.org

in the base directory are considered part of the project. This can be modified by setting the following properties:

:base-extension
Extension (without the dot!) of source files. This actually is a regular expression. Set this to the symbol any if you want to get all files in :base-directory, even without extension.
:exclude
Regular expression to match file names that should not be published, even though they have been selected on the basis of their extension.
:include
List of files to be included regardless of :base-extension and :exclude.
:recursive
Non-nil means, check base-directory recursively for files to publish.

Publishing action

Publishing means that a file is copied to the destination directory and possibly transformed in the process. The default transformation is to export Org files as HTML files, and this is done by the function org-publish-org-to-html which calls the HTML exporter (see [[HTML export]]). But you also can publish your content as PDF files using org-publish-org-to-pdf, or as ascii, latin1 or utf8 encoded files using the corresponding functions. If you want to publish the Org file itself, but with archived, commented, and tag-excluded trees removed, use org-publish-org-to-org and set the parameters :plain-source and/or :htmlized-source. This will produce in the publishing directory.157 Other files like images only need to be copied to the publishing destination; for this you may use org-publish-attachment. For non-Org files, you always need to specify the publishing function:

:publishing-function
Function executing the publication of a file. This may also be a list of functions, which will all be called in turn.
:plain-source
Non-nil means, publish plain source.
:htmlized-source
Non-nil means, publish htmlized source.

The function must accept three arguments: a property list containing at least a :publishing-directory property, the name of the file to be published, and the path to the publishing directory of the output file. It should take the specified file, make the necessary transformation (if any) and place the result into the destination folder.

Publishing options

The property list can be used to set many export options for the HTML and LaTeX exporters. In most cases, these properties correspond to user variables in Org. The table below lists these properties along with the variable they belong to. See the documentation string for the respective variable for details.

:link-up
org-export-html-link-up
:link-home
org-export-html-link-home
:language
org-export-default-language
:customtime
org-display-custom-times
:headline-levels
org-export-headline-levels
:section-numbers
org-export-with-section-numbers
:section-number-format
org-export-section-number-format
:table-of-contents
org-export-with-toc
:preserve-breaks
org-export-preserve-breaks
:archived-trees
org-export-with-archived-trees
:emphasize
org-export-with-emphasize
:sub-superscript
org-export-with-sub-superscripts
:special-strings
org-export-with-special-strings
:footnotes
org-export-with-footnotes
:drawers
org-export-with-drawers
:tags
org-export-with-tags
:todo-keywords
org-export-with-todo-keywords
:tasks
org-export-with-tasks
:priority
org-export-with-priority
:TeX-macros
org-export-with-TeX-macros
:LaTeX-fragments
org-export-with-LaTeX-fragments
:latex-listings
org-export-latex-listings
:skip-before-1st-heading
org-export-skip-text-before-1st-heading
:fixed-width
org-export-with-fixed-width
:timestamps
org-export-with-timestamps
:author
user-full-name
:email
user-mail-address : addr;addr;..
:author-info
org-export-author-info
:email-info
org-export-email-info
:creator-info
org-export-creator-info
:tables
org-export-with-tables
:table-auto-headline
org-export-highlight-first-table-line
:style-include-default
org-export-html-style-include-default
:style-include-scripts
org-export-html-style-include-scripts
:style
org-export-html-style
:style-extra
org-export-html-style-extra
:convert-org-links
org-export-html-link-org-files-as-html
:inline-images
org-export-html-inline-images
:html-extension
org-export-html-extension
:html-preamble
org-export-html-preamble
:html-postamble
org-export-html-postamble
:xml-declaration
org-export-html-xml-declaration
:html-table-tag
org-export-html-table-tag
:expand-quoted-html
org-export-html-expand
:timestamp
org-export-html-with-timestamp
:publishing-directory
org-export-publishing-directory
:select-tags
org-export-select-tags
:exclude-tags
org-export-exclude-tags
:latex-image-options
org-export-latex-image-default-option

Most of the org-export-with-* variables have the same effect in both HTML and LaTeX exporters, except for :TeX-macros and :LaTeX-fragments options, respectively nil and t in the LaTeX export. See org-export-plist-vars to check this list of options.

When a property is given a value in org-publish-project-alist, its setting overrides the value of the corresponding user variable (if any) during publishing. Options set within a file (see [[Export options]]), however, override everything.

Publishing links

To create a link from one Org file to another, you would use something like [[file:foo.org][The foo]] or simply [[file:foo.org]] (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Hyperlinks). When published, this link becomes a link to

foo.html

. In this way, you can interlink the pages of your "org web" project and the links will work as expected when you publish them to HTML. If you also publish the Org source file and want to link to that, use an http: link instead of a file: link, because file: links are converted to link to the corresponding

html

file.

You may also link to related files, such as images. Provided you are careful with relative file names, and provided you have also configured Org to upload the related files, these links will work too. See /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Complex%20example, for an example of this usage.

Sometimes an Org file to be published may contain links that are only valid in your production environment, but not in the publishing location. In this case, use the following property to define a function for checking link validity:

:link-validation-function
Function to validate links

{{{noindent}}} This function must accept two arguments, the file name and a directory relative to which the file name is interpreted in the production environment. If this function returns nil, then the HTML generator will only insert a description into the HTML file, but no link. One option for this function is org-publish-validate-link which checks if the given file is part of any project in org-publish-project-alist.

Site map

The following properties may be used to control publishing of a map of files for a given project.

:auto-sitemap
When non-nil, publish a sitemap during org-publish-current-project or org-publish-all.
:sitemap-filename
Filename for output of sitemap. Defaults to

sitemap.org

(which becomes

sitemap.html

).
:sitemap-title
Title of sitemap page. Defaults to name of file.
:sitemap-function
Plug-in function to use for generation of the sitemap. Defaults to org-publish-org-sitemap, which generates a plain list of links to all files in the project.
:sitemap-sort-folders
Where folders should appear in the sitemap. Set this to first (default) or last to display folders first or last, respectively. Any other value will mix files and folders.
:sitemap-sort-files
How the files are sorted in the site map. Set this to alphabetically (default), chronologically or anti-chronologically. chronologically sorts the files with older date first while anti-chronologically sorts the files with newer date first. alphabetically sorts the files alphabetically. The date of a file is retrieved with org-publish-find-date.
:sitemap-ignore-case
Should sorting be case-sensitive? Default nil.
:sitemap-file-entry-format
With this option one can tell how a sitemap's entry is formatted in the sitemap. This is a format string with some escape sequences: %t stands for the title of the file, %a stands for the author of the file and %d stands for the date of the file. The date is retrieved with the org-publish-find-date function and formatted with org-publish-sitemap-date-format. Default %t.
:sitemap-date-format
Format string for the format-time-string function that tells how a sitemap entry's date is to be formatted. This property bypasses org-publish-sitemap-date-format which defaults to %Y-%m-%d.
:sitemap-sans-extension
When non-nil, remove filenames' extensions from the generated sitemap. Useful to have cool URIs (see http://www.w3.org/Provider/Style/URI). Defaults to nil.

Generating an index

Org mode can generate an index across the files of a publishing project.

:makeindex
When non-nil, generate in index in the file

theindex.org

and publish it as

theindex.html

.

The file will be created when first publishing a project with the :makeindex set. The file only contains a statement

#+INCLUDE: "theindex.inc"

. You can then build around this include statement by adding a title, style information, etc.

Uploading files

For those people already utilizing third party sync tools such as , it might be preferable not to use the built in remote publishing facilities of Org mode which rely heavily on Tramp. Tramp, while very useful and powerful, tends not to be so efficient for multiple file transfer and has been known to cause problems under heavy usage.

Specialized synchronization utilities offer several advantages. In addition to timestamp comparison, they also do content and permissions/attribute checks. For this reason you might prefer to publish your web to a local directory (possibly even in place with your Org files) and then use to do the synchronization with the remote host.

Since Unison (for example) can be configured as to which files to transfer to a certain remote destination, it can greatly simplify the project publishing definition. Simply keep all files in the correct location, process your Org files with org-publish and let the synchronization tool do the rest. You do not need, in this scenario, to include attachments such as or

gif

files in the project definition since the 3rd party tool syncs them.

Publishing to a local directory is also much faster than to a remote one, so that you can afford more easily to republish entire projects. If you set org-publish-use-timestamps-flag to nil, you gain the main benefit of re-including any changed external files such as source example files you might include with #+INCLUDE:. The timestamp mechanism in Org is not smart enough to detect if included files have been modified.

Sample configuration

Below we provide two example configurations. The first one is a simple project publishing only a set of Org files. The second example is more complex, with a multi-component project.

Simple example

This example publishes a set of Org files to the

public_html

directory on the local machine.

(setq org-publish-project-alist
      '(("org"
         :base-directory "~/org/"
         :publishing-directory "~/public_html"
         :section-numbers nil
         :table-of-contents nil
         :style "<link rel=\"stylesheet\"
                href=\"../other/mystyle.css\"
                type=\"text/css\"/>")))

Complex example

This more complicated example publishes an entire website, including Org files converted to HTML, image files, Emacs Lisp source code, and style sheets. The publishing directory is remote and private files are excluded.

To ensure that links are preserved, care should be taken to replicate your directory structure on the web server, and to use relative file paths. For example, if your Org files are kept in

~/org

and your publishable images in

~/images

, you would link to an image with

   file:../images/myimage.png

On the web server, the relative path to the image should be the same. You can accomplish this by setting up an "images" folder in the right place on the web server, and publishing images to it.

(setq org-publish-project-alist
      '(("orgfiles"
          :base-directory "~/org/"
          :base-extension "org"
          :publishing-directory "/ssh:user@@host:~/html/notebook/"
          :publishing-function org-publish-org-to-html
          :exclude "PrivatePage.org"   ;; regexp
          :headline-levels 3
          :section-numbers nil
          :table-of-contents nil
          :style "<link rel=\"stylesheet\"
                  href=\"../other/mystyle.css\" type=\"text/css\"/>"
          :html-preamble t)

         ("images"
          :base-directory "~/images/"
          :base-extension "jpg\\|gif\\|png"
          :publishing-directory "/ssh:user@@host:~/html/images/"
          :publishing-function org-publish-attachment)

         ("other"
          :base-directory "~/other/"
          :base-extension "css\\|el"
          :publishing-directory "/ssh:user@@host:~/html/other/"
          :publishing-function org-publish-attachment)
         ("website" :components ("orgfiles" "images" "other"))))

Triggering publication

Once properly configured, Org can publish with the following commands:

C-c C-e X

, org-publish

Prompt for a specific project and publish all files that belong to it.

C-c C-e P

, org-publish-current-project

Publish the project containing the current file.

C-c C-e F

, org-publish-current-file

Publish only the current file.

C-c C-e E

, org-publish-all

Publish every project.

Org uses timestamps to track when a file has changed. The above functions normally only publish changed files. You can override this and force publishing of all files by giving a prefix argument to any of the commands above, or by customizing the variable org-publish-use-timestamps-flag. This may be necessary in particular if files include other files via #+SETUPFILE: or #+INCLUDE:.

Working with source code

Source code can be included in Org mode documents using a

src

block, e.g.:

   #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
     (defun org-xor (a b)
        "Exclusive or."
        (if a (not b) b))
   #+END_SRC

Org mode provides a number of features for working with live source code, including editing of code blocks in their native major-mode, evaluation of code blocks, converting code blocks into source files (known as "tangling" in literate programming), and exporting code blocks and their results in several formats. This functionality was contributed by Eric Schulte and Dan Davison, and was originally named Org-babel.

The following sections describe Org mode's code block handling facilities.

Structure of code blocks

Live code blocks can be specified with a

src

block or inline.158 The structure of a

src

block is shown in the following example:

   #+NAME: <name>
   #+BEGIN_SRC <language> <switches> <header arguments>
     <body>
   #+END_SRC

The #+NAME: line is optional, and can be used to name the code block. Live code blocks require that a language be specified on the #+BEGIN_SRC line. Switches and header arguments are optional.

Live code blocks can also be specified inline using the following syntax:

   src_<language>{<body>}

or

   src_<language>[<header arguments>]{<body>}
<#+NAME: name>

This line associates a name with the code block. This is similar to the #+TBLNAME: NAME lines that can be used to name tables in Org mode files. Referencing the name of a code block makes it possible to evaluate the block from other places in the file, from other files, or from Org mode table formulas (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/The%20spreadsheet). Names are assumed to be unique and the behavior of Org mode when two or more blocks share the same name is undefined.

<language>

The language of the code in the block (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Languages).

<switches>

Optional switches control code block export (see the discussion of switches in /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Literal%20examples).

<header arguments>

Optional header arguments control many aspects of evaluation, export and tangling of code blocks (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Header%20arguments). Header arguments can also be set on a per-buffer or per-subtree basis using properties.

<body>
Source code in the specified language.

Editing source code

Use

C-c '

to edit the current code block. This brings up a language major-mode edit buffer containing the body of the code block. Saving this buffer will write the new contents back to the Org buffer. Use

C-c '

again to exit.

The org-src-mode minor mode will be active in the edit buffer. The following variables can be used to configure the behavior of the edit buffer. See also the customization group org-edit-structure for further configuration options.

org-src-lang-modes
If an Emacs major-mode named <lang>-mode exists, where <lang> is the language named in the header line of the code block, then the edit buffer will be placed in that major-mode. This variable can be used to map arbitrary language names to existing major modes.
org-src-window-setup
Controls the way Emacs windows are rearranged when the edit buffer is created.
org-src-preserve-indentation
This variable is especially useful for tangling languages such as Python, in which whitespace indentation in the output is meaningful.
org-src-ask-before-returning-to-edit-buffer
By default, Org will ask before returning to an open edit buffer. Set this variable to nil to switch without asking.

To turn on native code fontification in the Org mode buffer, configure the variable org-src-fontify-natively.

Exporting code blocks

It is possible to export the code of code blocks, the results of code block evaluation, both the code and the results of code block evaluation, or none. For most languages, the default exports code. However, for some languages (e.g., ditaa) the default exports the results of code block evaluation. For information on exporting code block bodies, see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Literal%20examples.

The :exports header argument can be used to specify export behavior with the following arguments:

:exports code
The default in most languages. The body of the code block is exported, as described in /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Literal%20examples.
:exports results
The code block will be evaluated and the results will be placed in the Org mode buffer for export, either updating previous results of the code block located anywhere in the buffer or, if no previous results exist, placing the results immediately after the code block. The body of the code block will not be exported.
:exports both
Both the code block and its results will be exported.
:exports none
Neither the code block nor its results will be exported.

It is possible to inhibit the evaluation of code blocks during export. Setting the org-export-babel-evaluate variable to nil will ensure that no code blocks are evaluated as part of the export process. This can be useful in situations where potentially untrusted Org mode files are exported in an automated fashion, for example when Org mode is used as the markup language for a wiki.

Extracting source code

Creating pure source code files by extracting code from source blocks is referred to as "tangling"—a term adopted from the literate programming community. During tangling of code blocks their bodies are expanded using org-babel-expand-src-block which can expand both variable and ``noweb'' style references (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Noweb%20reference%20syntax).

Header arguments for tangling

:tangle no
The default. The code block is not included in the tangled output.
:tangle yes
Include the code block in the tangled output. The output file name is the name of the org file with the extension

.org

replaced by the extension for the block language.
:tangle filename
Include the code block in the tangled output to file

filename

.

Functions for tangling

org-babel-tangle

Tangle the current file. Bound to

C-c C-v t

.

With a prefix argument only tangle the current code block.

org-babel-tangle-file

Choose a file to tangle. Bound to

C-c C-v f

.

Hooks for tangling

org-babel-post-tangle-hook
This hook is run from within code files tangled by org-babel-tangle. Example applications could include post-processing, compilation, or evaluation of tangled code files.

Evaluating code blocks

Code blocks can be evaluated and the results of evaluation optionally placed in the Org mode buffer.159 The results of evaluation are placed following a line that begins by default with #+RESULTS and optionally a cache identifier and/or the name of the evaluated code block. The default value of #+RESULTS can be changed with the customizable variable org-babel-results-keyword.

By default, the evaluation facility is only enabled for Lisp code blocks specified as emacs-lisp. However, source code blocks in many languages can be evaluated within Org mode (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Languages for a list of supported languages and /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Structure%20of%20code%20blocks for information on the syntax used to define a code block).

There are a number of ways to evaluate code blocks. The simplest is to press with the point on a code block.160 This will call the org-babel-execute-src-block function to evaluate the block and insert its results into the Org mode buffer.

It is also possible to evaluate named code blocks from anywhere in an Org mode buffer or an Org mode table. Live code blocks located in the current Org mode buffer or in the ``Library of Babel'' (see [[Library of Babel]]) can be executed. Named code blocks can be executed with a separate #+CALL: line or inline within a block of text.

The syntax of the #+CALL: line is:

   #+CALL: <name>(<arguments>)
   #+CALL: <name>[<inside header arguments>](<arguments>) <end header arguments>

The syntax for inline evaluation of named code blocks is:

   ... call_<name>(<arguments>) ...
   ... call_<name>[<inside header arguments>](<arguments>)[<end header arguments>] ...
<name>
The name of the code block to be evaluated (see [[Structure of code blocks]]).
<arguments>
Arguments specified in this section will be passed to the code block. These arguments use standard function call syntax, rather than header argument syntax. For example, a #+CALL: line that passes the number four to a code block named double, which declares the header argument :var n=2, would be written as #+CALL: double(n=4).
<inside header arguments>
Inside header arguments are passed through and applied to the named code block. These arguments use header argument syntax rather than standard function call syntax. Inside header arguments affect how the code block is evaluated. For example, [:results output] will collect the results of everything printed to STDOUT during execution of the code block.
<end header arguments>
End header arguments are applied to the calling instance and do not affect evaluation of the named code block. They affect how the results are incorporated into the Org mode buffer and how the call line is exported. For example, :results html will insert the results of the call line evaluation in the Org buffer, wrapped in a BEGIN_HTML: block.

For more examples of passing header arguments to #+CALL: lines see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Header%20arguments%20in%20function%20calls.

Library of Babel

The ``Library of Babel'' consists of code blocks that can be called from any Org mode file. Code blocks defined in the ``Library of Babel'' can be called remotely as if they were in the current Org mode buffer (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Evaluating%20code%20blocks for information on the syntax of remote code block evaluation).

The central repository of code blocks in the ``Library of Babel'' is housed in an Org mode file located in the

contrib

directory of Org mode.

Users can add code blocks they believe to be generally useful to their ``Library of Babel.'' The code blocks can be stored in any Org mode file and then loaded into the library with org-babel-lob-ingest.

Code blocks located in any Org mode file can be loaded into the ``Library of Babel'' with the org-babel-lob-ingest function, bound to

C-c C-v i

.

Languages

Code blocks in the following languages are supported.

Language Identifier Language Identifier
Asymptote asymptote Awk awk
Emacs Calc calc C C
C++ C++ Clojure clojure
CSS css ditaa ditaa
Graphviz dot Emacs Lisp emacs-lisp
gnuplot gnuplot Haskell haskell
Java java
Javascript js LaTeX latex
Ledger ledger Lisp lisp
Lilypond lilypond MATLAB matlab
Mscgen mscgen Objective Caml ocaml
Octave octave Org mode org
Oz oz Perl perl
Plantuml plantuml Python python
R R Ruby ruby
Sass sass Scheme scheme
GNU Screen screen shell sh
SQL sql SQLite sqlite

Language-specific documentation is available for some languages. If available, it can be found at http://orgmode.org/worg/org-contrib/babel/languages.html.

The variable org-babel-load-languages controls which languages are enabled for evaluation (by default only emacs-lisp is enabled). This variable can be set using the customization interface or by adding code like the following example, disables emacs-lisp evaluation and enables evaluation of R code blocks, to your emacs configuration:

(org-babel-do-load-languages
 'org-babel-load-languages
 '((emacs-lisp . nil)
   (R . t)))

It is also possible to enable support for a language by loading the related elisp file with require.

{{{noindent}}} The following example adds support for evaluating clojure code blocks:

(require 'ob-clojure)

Header arguments

Code block functionality can be configured with header arguments. This section provides an overview of the use of header arguments, and then describes each header argument in detail.

Using header arguments

The values of header arguments can be set in six different ways, each more specific (and having higher priority) than the last.

System-wide header arguments

System-wide values of header arguments can be specified by customizing the org-babel-default-header-args variable:

   :session    => "none"
   :results    => "replace"
   :exports    => "code"
   :cache      => "no"
   :noweb      => "no"

For example, the following code could be used to set the default value of :noweb header arguments to yes. This would have the effect of expanding :noweb references by default when evaluating source code blocks.

  (setq org-babel-default-header-args
        (cons '(:noweb . "yes")
              (assq-delete-all :noweb org-babel-default-header-args)))
Language-specific header arguments

Each language can define its own set of default header arguments. See the language-specific documentation available online at http://orgmode.org/worg/org-contrib/babel.

Buffer-wide header arguments

Buffer-wide header arguments may be specified as properties through the use of #+PROPERTY: lines placed anywhere in an Org mode file (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Property%20syntax).

For example the following would set session to *R*, and results to silent for every code block in the buffer, ensuring that all execution took place in the same session, and no results would be inserted into the buffer.

   #+PROPERTY: session *R*
   #+PROPERTY: results silent
Header arguments in Org mode properties

Header arguments are also read from Org mode properties (see [[Property syntax]]), which can be set on a buffer-wide or per-heading basis. An example of setting a header argument for all code blocks in a buffer is as follows:

   #+PROPERTY: tangle yes

When properties are used to set default header arguments, they are looked up with inheritance, regardless of the value of org-use-property-inheritance. In the following example the value of the :cache header argument will default to yes in all code blocks in the subtree rooted at the following heading:

   * outline header
   ,:PROPERTIES:
   ,:cache:    yes
   ,:END:

Properties defined in this way override the properties set in org-babel-default-header-args. It is convenient to use the org-set-property function bound to

C-c C-x p

to set properties in Org mode documents.

Code block specific header arguments

The most common way to assign values to header arguments is at the code block level. This can be done by listing a sequence of header arguments and their values as part of the #+BEGIN_SRC line. Properties set in this way override both the values of org-babel-default-header-args and header arguments specified as properties. In the following example, the :results header argument is set to silent, meaning the results of execution will not be inserted in the buffer, and the :exports header argument is set to code, meaning only the body of the code block will be preserved on export to HTML or LaTeX.

   #+NAME: factorial
   #+BEGIN_SRC haskell :results silent :exports code :var n=0
   fac 0 = 1
   fac n = n * fac (n-1)
   #+END_SRC

Similarly, it is possible to set header arguments for inline code blocks:

   src_haskell[:exports both]@{fac 5@}

Code block header arguments can span multiple lines using #+HEADER: or #+HEADERS: lines preceding a code block or nested between the #+NAME: line and the #+BEGIN_SRC line of a named code block.

This is an example of multi-line header arguments on an un-named code block:

   #+HEADERS: :var data1=1
   #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp :var data2=2
      (message "data1:%S, data2:%S" data1 data2)
   #+END_SRC

   #+RESULTS:
   : data1:1, data2:2

This is an example of multi-line header arguments on a named code block:

   #+NAME: named-block
   #+HEADER: :var data=2
   #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
     (message "data:%S" data)
   #+END_SRC

   #+RESULTS: named-block
    : data:2
Header arguments in function calls

At the most specific level, header arguments for ``Library of Babel'' or #+CALL: lines can be set as shown in the two examples below. For more information on the structure of #+CALL: lines see [[Evaluating code blocks]].

The following example will apply the :exports results header argument to the evaluation of the #+CALL: line:

   #+CALL: factorial(n=5) :exports results

The following example will apply the :session special header argument to the evaluation of the factorial code block:

   #+CALL: factorial[:session special](n=5)

Specific header arguments

Header arguments consist of an initial colon followed by the name of the argument in lowercase letters. Additional header arguments are defined on a language-specific basis, see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Languages.

The following header arguments are defined:

var

The :var header argument is used to pass arguments to code blocks. The specifics of how arguments are included in a code block vary by language; these are addressed in the language-specific documentation. However, the syntax used to specify arguments is the same across all languages. In every case, variables require a default value when they are declared.

The values passed to arguments can either be literal values, references, or Emacs Lisp code (see [[Emacs Lisp evaluation of variables]]). References include anything in the Org mode file that takes a #+NAME:, #+TBLNAME:, or #+RESULTS: line. This includes tables, lists, #+BEGIN_EXAMPLE blocks, other code blocks, and the results of other code blocks.

Argument values can be indexed in a manner similar to arrays (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Indexable%20variable%20values).

The following syntax is used to pass arguments to code blocks using the :var header argument:

   :var name=assign

The argument, assign, can either be a literal value, such as a string , or a reference to a table, a list, a literal example, another code block (with or without arguments), or the results of evaluating another code block.

Here are examples of passing values by reference:

a table named with either #+NAME: or #+TBLNAME: 
   #+TBLNAME: example-table
   | 1 |
   | 2 |
   | 3 |
   | 4 |

   #+NAME: table-length
   #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp :var table=example-table
   (length table)
   #+END_SRC

   #+RESULTS:
   : 4
a simple list named with #+NAME: 
   #+NAME: example-list
     - simple
       - not
       - nested
     - list

   #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp :var x=example-list
     (print x)
   #+END_SRC

   #+RESULTS:
   | simple | list |

Note that nesting is not carried through to the source code block.

a named code block without arguments, optionally followed by parentheses 
   #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp :var length=table-length()
   (* 2 length)
   #+END_SRC

   #+RESULTS:
   : 8
a named code block with arguments 
   #+NAME: double
   #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp :var input=8
   (* 2 input)
   #+END_SRC

   #+RESULTS:
   : 16

   #+NAME: squared
   #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp :var input=double(input=1)
   (* input input)
   #+END_SRC

   #+RESULTS:
   : 4
a literal example block 
   #+NAME: literal-example
   #+BEGIN_EXAMPLE
   A literal example
   on two lines
   #+END_EXAMPLE

   #+NAME: read-literal-example
   #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp :var x=literal-example
     (concatenate 'string x " for you.")
   #+END_SRC

   #+RESULTS: read-literal-example
    : A literal example
    : on two lines for you.

<<Alternate argument syntax>>

It is also possible to specify arguments in a potentially more natural way using the #+NAME: line of a code block. As in the following example, arguments can be packed inside of parentheses, separated by commas, following the source name.

   #+NAME: double(input=0, x=2)
   #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
    (* 2 (+ input x))
   #+END_SRC

<<Indexable variable values>>

It is possible to reference portions of variable values by indexing into the variables. Indexes are 0 based with negative values counting back from the end. If an index is separated by commas then each subsequent section will index into the next deepest nesting or dimension of the value. Note that this indexing occurs before other table related header arguments like :hlines, :colnames, and :rownames are applied. The following example assigns the last cell of the first row the table example-table to the variable data:

   #+NAME: example-table
   | 1 | a |
   | 2 | b |
   | 3 | c |
   | 4 | d |

   #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp :var data=example-table[0,-1]
     data
   #+END_SRC

   #+RESULTS:
   : a

Ranges of variable values can be referenced using two integers separated by a :, in which case the entire inclusive range is referenced. The following example assigns the middle three rows of example-table to data.

   #+NAME: example-table
   | 1 | a |
   | 2 | b |
   | 3 | c |
   | 4 | d |
   | 5 | 3 |

   #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp :var data=example-table[1:3]
     data
   #+END_SRC

   #+RESULTS:
   | 2 | b |
   | 3 | c |
   | 4 | d |

Additionally, an empty index, or the single character *, are both interpreted to mean the entire range and as such are equivalent to 0:-1, as shown in the following example in which the entire first column is referenced:

   #+NAME: example-table
   | 1 | a |
   | 2 | b |
   | 3 | c |
   | 4 | d |

   #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp :var data=example-table[,0]
     data
   #+END_SRC

   #+RESULTS:
   | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |

It is possible to index into the results of code blocks as well as tables. Any number of dimensions can be indexed. Dimensions are separated from one another by commas, as shown in the following example:

   #+NAME: 3D
   #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp
     '(((1  2  3)  (4  5  6)  (7  8  9))
       ((10 11 12) (13 14 15) (16 17 18))
       ((19 20 21) (22 23 24) (25 26 27)))
   #+END_SRC

   #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp :var data=3D[1,,1]
     data
   #+END_SRC

   #+RESULTS:
   | 11 | 14 | 17 |

<<Emacs Lisp evaluation of variables>>

Emacs lisp code can be used to initialize variable values. When a variable value starts with (, [, ' or ` it will be evaluated as Emacs Lisp and the result of the evaluation will be assigned as the variable value. The following example demonstrates use of this evaluation to reliably pass the file-name of the Org mode buffer to a code block:161

   #+BEGIN_SRC sh :var filename=(buffer-file-name) :exports both
     wc -w $filename
   #+END_SRC

Note that values read from tables and lists will not be evaluated as Emacs Lisp, as shown in the following example, which contains a Lisp list as the sole table element:

   #+NAME: table
   | (a b c) |

   #+HEADERS: :var data=table[0,0]
   #+BEGIN_SRC perl
     $data
   #+END_SRC

   #+RESULTS:
   : (a b c)
results

There are three classes of :results header argument. Only one option per class may be supplied per code block.

Collection
These header arguments specify how the results should be collected from the code block.
Type
These header arguments specify what type of result the code block will return—which has implications for how they will be inserted into the Org mode buffer.
Handling
These header arguments specify how the results of evaluating the code block should be handled.

<<Collection>>

The following :results options are mutually exclusive, and specify how the results should be collected from the code block.

value
This is the default. The result is the value of the last statement in the code block. This header argument places the evaluation in functional mode. Note that in some languages, e.g., Python, use of this result type requires that a return statement be included in the body of the source code block.
output
The result is the collection of everything printed to STDOUT during the execution of the code block. This header argument places the evaluation in scripting mode.

<<Type>>

The following :results options are mutually exclusive and specify what type of results the code block will return. By default, results are inserted as either a table or scalar depending on their value.

table, vector
The results should be interpreted as an Org mode table. If a single value is returned, it will be converted into a table with one row and one column. E.g., :results value table.
scalar, verbatim
The results should be interpreted literally—they will not be converted into a table. The results will be inserted into the Org mode buffer as quoted text. E.g., :results value verbatim.
list
The results should be interpreted as an Org mode list. If a single scalar value is returned it will be converted into a list with only one element.
file
The results will be interpreted as the path to a file, and will be inserted into the Org mode buffer as a file link. E.g., :results value file.
raw
The results are interpreted as raw Org mode code and are inserted directly into the buffer. If the results look like a table they will be aligned as such by Org mode. E.g., :results value raw.
org
The results are will be enclosed in a BEGIN_SRC org block. They are not comma-escaped by default but they will be if you hit

TAB

in the block and/or if you export the file. E.g., :results value org.
html
Results are assumed to be HTML and will be enclosed in a BEGIN_HTML block. E.g., :results value html.
latex
Results assumed to be LaTeX and are enclosed in a BEGIN_LaTeX block. E.g., :results value latex.
code
Result are assumed to be parsable code and are enclosed in a code block. E.g., :results value code.
pp
The result is converted to pretty-printed code and is enclosed in a code block. This option currently supports Emacs Lisp, Python, and Ruby. E.g., :results value pp.
drawer
The result is wrapped in a RESULTS drawer. This can be useful for inserting raw or org syntax results in such a way that their extent is known and they can be automatically removed or replaced.

<<Handling>> The following :results options indicate what happens with the results once they are collected.

replace
The default value. Any existing results will be removed, and the new results will be inserted into the Org mode buffer in their place. E.g., :results output replace.
append
If there are pre-existing results of the code block then the new results will be appended to the existing results. Otherwise the new results will be inserted as with replace.
prepend
If there are pre-existing results of the code block then the new results will be prepended to the existing results. Otherwise the new results will be inserted as with replace.
silent
The results will be echoed in the minibuffer but will not be inserted into the Org mode buffer. E.g., :results output silent.
file

The header argument :file is used to specify an external file in which to save code block results. After code block evaluation an Org mode style [[file:]] link (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Link%20format) to the file will be inserted into the Org mode buffer. Some languages including R, gnuplot, dot, and ditaa provide special handling of the :file header argument, automatically wrapping the code block body in the boilerplate code required to save output to the specified file. This is often useful for saving graphical output of a code block to the specified file.

The argument to :file should be either a string specifying the path to a file, or a list of two strings in which case the first element of the list should be the path to a file and the second a description for the link.

file-desc

The value of the :file-desc header argument is used to provide a description for file code block results which are inserted as Org mode links (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Link%20format). If the :file-desc header argument is given with no value the link path will be placed in both the ``link'' and the ``description'' portion of the Org mode link.

dir

While the :file header argument can be used to specify the path to the output file, :dir specifies the default directory during code block execution. If it is absent, then the directory associated with the current buffer is used. In other words, supplying :dir path temporarily has the same effect as changing the current directory with

M-x cd path

, and then not supplying :dir. Under the surface, :dir simply sets the value of the Emacs variable default-directory.

When using :dir, you should supply a relative path for file output (e.g., :file myfile.jpg or :file results/myfile.jpg) in which case that path will be interpreted relative to the default directory.

In other words, if you want your plot to go into a folder called

Work

in your home directory, you could use a code block like the following example:

   #+BEGIN_SRC R :file myplot.png :dir ~/Work
   matplot(matrix(rnorm(100), 10), type="l")
   #+END_SRC

<<Remote execution>>

A directory on a remote machine can be specified using tramp file syntax, in which case the code will be evaluated on the remote machine. An example is:

   #+BEGIN_SRC R :file plot.png :dir /dand@yakuba.princeton.edu:
   plot(1:10, main=system("hostname", intern=TRUE))
   #+END_SRC

Text results will be returned to the local Org mode buffer as usual, and file output will be created on the remote machine with relative paths interpreted relative to the remote directory. An Org mode link to the remote file will be created.

So, in the above example a plot will be created on the remote machine, and a link of the following form will be inserted in the org buffer:

   [[file:/scp:dand@yakuba.princeton.edu:/home/dand/plot.png][plot.png]]

Most of this functionality follows immediately from the fact that :dir sets the value of the Emacs variable default-directory, thanks to tramp. Those using XEmacs, or GNU Emacs prior to version 23 may need to install tramp separately in order for these features to work correctly.

<<Further points>> Please be aware of these further points:

  • If :dir is used in conjunction with :session, although it will determine the starting directory for a new session as expected, no attempt is currently made to alter the directory associated with an existing session.
  • :dir should typically not be used to create files during export with :exports results or :exports both. The reason is that, in order to retain portability of exported material between machines, during export links inserted into the buffer will not be expanded against default directory. Therefore, if default-directory is altered using :dir, it is probable that the file will be created in a location to which the link does not point.
exports

The :exports header argument specifies what should be included in HTML or LaTeX exports of the Org mode file.

code
The default. The body of code is included into the exported file. E.g., :exports code.
results
The result of evaluating the code is included in the exported file. E.g., :exports results.
both
Both the code and results are included in the exported file. E.g., :exports both.
none
Nothing is included in the exported file. E.g., :exports none.
tangle

The :tangle header argument specifies whether or not the code block should be included in tangled extraction of source code files.

tangle
The code block is exported to a source code file named after the full path (including the directory) and file name (w/o extension) of the Org mode file. E.g., :tangle yes.
no
The default. The code block is not exported to a source code file. E.g., :tangle no.
other
Any other string passed to the :tangle header argument is interpreted as a path (directory and file name relative to the directory of the Org mode file) to which the block will be exported, e.g., :tangle path.
mkdirp

The :mkdirp header argument can be used to create parent directories of tangled files when missing. This can be set to yes to enable directory creation or to no to inhibit directory creation.

comments

By default code blocks are tangled to source-code files without any insertion of comments beyond those which may already exist in the body of the code block. The :comments header argument can be set as follows to control the insertion of extra comments into the tangled code file.

no
The default. No extra comments are inserted during tangling.
link
The code block is wrapped in comments which contain pointers back to the original Org file from which the code was tangled.
yes
A synonym for ``link'' to maintain backwards compatibility.
org
Include text from the Org mode file as a comment. The text is picked from the leading context of the tangled code and is limited by the nearest headline or source block as the case may be.
both
Turns on both the ``link'' and ``org'' comment options.
noweb
Turns on the ``link'' comment option, and additionally wraps expanded noweb references in the code block body in link comments.
padline

Control in insertion of padding lines around code block bodies in tangled code files. The default value is yes which results in insertion of newlines before and after each tangled code block. The following arguments are accepted:

yes
Insert newlines before and after each code block body in tangled code files.
no
Do not insert any newline padding in tangled output.
no-expand

By default, code blocks are expanded with org-babel-expand-src-block during tangling. This has the effect of assigning values to variables specified with :var (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/var), and of replacing ``noweb'' references (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Noweb%20reference%20syntax) with their targets. The :no-expand header argument can be used to turn off this behavior.

session

The :session header argument starts a session for an interpreted language where state is preserved.

By default, a session is not started.

A string passed to the :session header argument will give the session a name. This makes it possible to run concurrent sessions for each interpreted language.

noweb

The :noweb header argument controls expansion of ``noweb'' syntax references (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Noweb%20reference%20syntax) when the code block is evaluated, tangled, or exported. The :noweb header argument can have one of the five values: no, yes, tangle, no-export, or strip-export.

no
The default. ``Noweb'' syntax references in the body of the code block will not be expanded before the code block is evaluated, tangled or exported.
yes
``Noweb'' syntax references in the body of the code block will be expanded before the code block is evaluated, tangled or exported.
tangle
``Noweb'' syntax references in the body of the code block will be expanded before the code block is tangled. However, ``noweb'' syntax references will not be expanded when the code block is evaluated or exported.
no-export
``Noweb'' syntax references in the body of the code block will be expanded before the block is evaluated or tangled. However, ``noweb'' syntax references will not be expanded when the code block is exported.
strip-export
``Noweb'' syntax references in the body of the code block will be expanded before the block is evaluated or tangled. However, ``noweb'' syntax references will not be removed when the code block is exported.
eval
``Noweb'' syntax references in the body of the code block will only be expanded before the block is evaluated.

<<Noweb prefix lines>>

Noweb insertions are placed behind the line prefix of the <<reference>>. Because the <<example>> noweb reference appears behind the SQL comment syntax in the following example, each line of the expanded noweb reference will be commented.

This code block:

   -- <<example>>

expands to:

   -- this is the
   -- multi-line body of example

Note that noweb replacement text that does not contain any newlines will not be inserted behind the line prefix, so it is always possible to use inline noweb references.

noweb-ref

When expanding ``noweb'' style references the bodies of all code block with either a block name matching the reference name or a :noweb-ref header argument matching the reference name will be concatenated together to form the replacement text.

By setting this header argument at the sub-tree or file level, simple code block concatenation may be achieved. For example, when tangling the following Org mode file, the bodies of code blocks will be concatenated into the resulting pure code file.162

   #+BEGIN_SRC sh :tangle yes :noweb yes :shebang #!/bin/sh
     <<fullest-disk>>
   #+END_SRC
  * the mount point of the fullest disk
     :PROPERTIES:
     :noweb-ref: fullest-disk
     :END:

   ** query all mounted disks
   #+BEGIN_SRC sh
     df \
   #+END_SRC

   ** strip the header row
   #+BEGIN_SRC sh
     |sed '1d' \
   #+END_SRC

   ** sort by the percent full
   #+BEGIN_SRC sh
     |awk '@{print $5 " " $6@}'|sort -n |tail -1 \
   #+END_SRC

   ** extract the mount point
   #+BEGIN_SRC sh
     |awk '@{print $2@}'
   #+END_SRC

The :noweb-sep (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/noweb-sep) header argument holds the string used to separate accumulate noweb references like those above. By default a newline is used.

noweb-sep

The :noweb-sep header argument holds the string used to separate accumulated noweb references (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/noweb-ref). By default a newline is used.

cache

The :cache header argument controls the use of in-buffer caching of the results of evaluating code blocks. It can be used to avoid re-evaluating unchanged code blocks. Note that the :cache header argument will not attempt to cache results when the :session header argument is used, because the results of the code block execution may be stored in the session outside of the Org mode buffer. The :cache header argument can have one of two values: yes or no.

no
The default. No caching takes place, and the code block will be evaluated every time it is called.
yes
Every time the code block is run a SHA1 hash of the code and arguments passed to the block will be generated. This hash is packed into the #+RESULTS: line and will be checked on subsequent executions of the code block. If the code block has not changed since the last time it was evaluated, it will not be re-evaluated.

Code block caches notice if the value of a variable argument to the code block has changed. If this is the case, the cache is invalidated and the code block is re-run. In the following example, caller will not be re-run unless the results of random have changed since it was last run.

   #+NAME: random
   #+BEGIN_SRC R :cache yes
   runif(1)
   #+END_SRC

   #+RESULTS[a2a72cd647ad44515fab62e144796432793d68e1]: random
   0.4659510825295

   #+NAME: caller
   #+BEGIN_SRC emacs-lisp :var x=random :cache yes
   x
   #+END_SRC

   #+RESULTS[bec9c8724e397d5df3b696502df3ed7892fc4f5f]: caller
   0.254227238707244
sep

The :sep header argument can be used to control the delimiter used when writing tabular results out to files external to Org mode. This is used either when opening tabular results of a code block by calling the org-open-at-point function bound to

C-c C-o

on the code block, or when writing code block results to an external file (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/file) header argument.

By default, when :sep is not specified output tables are tab delimited.

hlines

Tables are frequently represented with one or more horizontal lines, or hlines. The :hlines argument to a code block accepts the values yes or no, with a default value of no.

no

Strips horizontal lines from the input table. In most languages this is the desired effect because an hline symbol is interpreted as an unbound variable and raises an error. Setting :hlines no or relying on the default value yields the following results.

   #+TBLNAME: many-cols
   | a | b | c |
   |---+---+---|
   | d | e | f |
   |---+---+---|
   | g | h | i |

   #+NAME: echo-table
   #+BEGIN_SRC python :var tab=many-cols
     return tab
   #+END_SRC

   #+RESULTS:
   | a | b | c |
   | d | e | f |
   | g | h | i |
yes

Leaves hlines in the table. Setting :hlines yes has this effect.

   #+TBLNAME: many-cols
   | a | b | c |
   |---+---+---|
   | d | e | f |
   |---+---+---|
   | g | h | i |

   #+NAME: echo-table
   #+BEGIN_SRC python :var tab=many-cols :hlines yes
     return tab
   #+END_SRC

   #+RESULTS:
   | a | b | c |
   |---+---+---|
   | d | e | f |
   |---+---+---|
   | g | h | i |
colnames

The :colnames header argument accepts the values yes, no, or nil for unassigned. The default value is nil. Note that the behavior of the :colnames header argument may differ across languages. For example Emacs Lisp code blocks ignore the :colnames header argument entirely given the ease with which tables with column names may be handled directly in Emacs Lisp.

nil

If an input table looks like it has column names (because its second row is an hline), then the column names will be removed from the table before processing, then reapplied to the results.

   #+TBLNAME: less-cols
   | a |
   |---|
   | b |
   | c |

   #+NAME: echo-table-again
   #+BEGIN_SRC python :var tab=less-cols
     return [[val + '*' for val in row] for row in tab]
   #+END_SRC

   #+RESULTS:
   | a  |
   |----|
   | b* |
   | c* |

Please note that column names are not removed before the table is indexed using variable indexing. See /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Indexable%20variable%20values.

no
No column name pre-processing takes place
yes
Column names are removed and reapplied as with nil even if the table does not ``look like'' it has column names (i.e., the second row is not an hline).
rownames

The :rownames header argument can take on the values yes or no, with a default value of no.

no
No row name pre-processing will take place.
yes

The first column of the table is removed from the table before processing, and is then reapplied to the results.

   #+TBLNAME: with-rownames
   | one | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |  5 |
   | two | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |

   #+NAME: echo-table-once-again
   #+BEGIN_SRC python :var tab=with-rownames :rownames yes
     return [[val + 10 for val in row] for row in tab]
   #+END_SRC

   #+RESULTS:
   | one | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 |
   | two | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 |

Please note that row names are not removed before the table is indexed using variable indexing. See /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Indexable%20variable%20values.

shebang

Setting the :shebang header argument to a string value (e.g.,

:shebang "#!/bin/bash"

) causes the string to be inserted as the first line of any tangled file holding the code block, and the file permissions of the tangled file are set to make it executable.

eval

The :eval header argument can be used to limit the evaluation of specific code blocks. The :eval header argument can be useful for protecting against the evaluation of dangerous code blocks or to ensure that evaluation will require a query regardless of the value of the org-confirm-babel-evaluate variable. The possible values of :eval and their effects are shown below.

never or no
The code block will not be evaluated under any circumstances.
query
Evaluation of the code block will require an affirmative answer to a query.
never-export or no-export
The code block will not be evaluated during export but may still be called interactively.
query-export
Evaluation of the code block during export will require an affirmative answer to a query.

If this header argument is not set then evaluation is determined by the value of the org-confirm-babel-evaluate variable (see [[Code evaluation security]]).

wrap

The :wrap header argument is used to mark the results of source block evaluation. The header argument can be passed a string that will be appended to #+BEGIN_ and #+END_, which will then be used to wrap the results. If no string is specified then the results will be wrapped in a #+BEGIN/END_RESULTS block.

Results of evaluation

The way in which results are handled depends on whether a session is invoked, as well as on whether :results value or :results output is used. The following table shows the table possibilities. For a full listing of the possible results header arguments, see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/results.

Non-session Session
:results value value of last expression value of last expression
:results output contents of STDOUT concatenation of interpreter output

Please note that with :results value, the result in both :session and non-session is returned to Org mode as a table (a one- or two-dimensional vector of strings or numbers) when appropriate.

Non-session

:results value
This is the default. Internally, the value is obtained by wrapping the code in a function definition in the external language, and evaluating that function. Therefore, code should be written as if it were the body of such a function. In particular, note that Python does not automatically return a value from a function unless a return statement is present, and so a

return

statement will usually be required in Python. This is the only one of the four evaluation contexts in which the code is automatically wrapped in a function definition.
:results output
The code is passed to the interpreter as an external process, and the contents of the standard output stream are returned as text.163

Session

:results value
The code is passed to an interpreter running as an interactive Emacs inferior process. Only languages which provide tools for interactive evaluation of code have session support, so some language (e.g., C and ditaa) do not support the :session header argument, and in other languages (e.g., Python and Haskell) which have limitations on the code which may be entered into interactive sessions, those limitations apply to the code in code blocks using the :session header argument as well. Unless the :results output option is supplied (see below) the result returned is the result of the last evaluation performed by the interpreter.164
:results output

The code is passed to the interpreter running as an interactive Emacs inferior process. The result returned is the concatenation of the sequence of (text) output from the interactive interpreter. Notice that this is not necessarily the same as what would be sent to STDOUT if the same code were passed to a non-interactive interpreter running as an external process. Compare the following two examples:

   #+BEGIN_SRC python :results output
    print "hello"
    2
    print "bye"
   #+END_SRC

   #+RESULTS:
   : hello
   : bye

In non-session mode, the `2' is not printed and does not appear.

   #+BEGIN_SRC python :results output :session
    print "hello"
    2
    print "bye"
   #+END_SRC

   #+RESULTS:
   : hello
   : 2
   : bye

But in :session mode, the interactive interpreter receives input `2' and prints out its value, `2'. (Indeed, the other print statements are unnecessary here).

Noweb reference syntax

The ``noweb'' (see http://www.cs.tufts.edu/~nr/noweb/) Literate Programming system allows named blocks of code to be referenced using the familiar Noweb syntax:

   <<code-block-name>>

When a code block is tangled or evaluated, whether or not ``noweb'' references are expanded depends upon the value of the :noweb header argument. If :noweb yes, then a Noweb reference is expanded before evaluation. If :noweb no, the default, then the reference is not expanded before evaluation. See the /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/noweb-ref header argument for a more flexible way to resolve noweb references.

It is possible to include the results of a code block rather than the body. This is done by appending parenthesis to the code block name, which may optionally contain arguments to the code block as shown below.

   <<code-block-name(optional arguments)>>

Note that the default value, :noweb no, was chosen to ensure that correct code is not broken in a language, such as Ruby, where <<arg>> is a syntactically valid construct. If <<arg>> is not syntactically valid in languages that you use, then please consider setting the default value.

If noweb tangling is slow in large Org mode files, consider setting the *org-babel-use-quick-and-dirty-noweb-expansion* variable to true. This will result in faster noweb reference resolution at the expense of not correctly resolving inherited values of the :noweb-ref header argument.

Key bindings and useful functions

Many common Org mode key sequences are re-bound depending on the context.

Within a code block, the following key bindings are active:

Key binding Function

C-c C-c

 org-babel-execute-src-block

C-c C-o

 org-babel-open-src-block-result

org-babel-load-in-session

org-babel-pop-to-session

In an Org mode buffer, the following key bindings are active:

Key binding Function
org-babel-previous-src-block
org-babel-next-src-block
org-babel-execute-maybe
org-babel-open-src-block-result
org-babel-expand-src-block
org-babel-goto-src-block-head
org-babel-goto-named-src-block
org-babel-goto-named-result
org-babel-execute-buffer
org-babel-execute-subtree
org-babel-demarcate-block
org-babel-tangle
org-babel-tangle-file
org-babel-check-src-block
org-babel-insert-header-arg
org-babel-load-in-session
org-babel-lob-ingest
org-babel-view-src-block-info
org-babel-switch-to-session-with-code
org-babel-sha1-hash
org-babel-describe-bindings
org-babel-do-key-sequence-in-edit-buffer

Batch execution

It is possible to call functions from the command line. This shell script calls org-babel-tangle on every one of its arguments.

Be sure to adjust the paths to fit your system.

   #!/bin/sh
   # -*- mode: shell-script -*-
   #
   # tangle files with org-mode
   #
   DIR=`pwd`
   FILES=""

   # wrap each argument in the code required to call tangle on it
   for i in $@; do
       FILES="$FILES \"$i\""
   done

   emacs -Q --batch \
   --eval "(progn
   (add-to-list 'load-path (expand-file-name \"~/src/org/lisp/\"))
   (add-to-list 'load-path (expand-file-name \"~/src/org/contrib/lisp/\" t))
   (require 'org)(require 'org-exp)(require 'ob)(require 'ob-tangle)
   (mapc (lambda (file)
          (find-file (expand-file-name file \"$DIR\"))
          (org-babel-tangle)
          (kill-buffer)) '($FILES)))" 2>&1 |grep tangled

Miscellaneous

Completion

Emacs would not be Emacs without completion, and Org mode uses it whenever it makes sense. If you prefer an iswitchb- or ido-like interface for some of the completion prompts, you can specify your preference by setting at most one of the variables org-completion-use-iswitchb or org-completion-use-ido.

Org supports in-buffer completion. This type of completion does not make use of the minibuffer. You simply type a few letters into the buffer and use the

TAB

key to complete text right there.

Complete word at point.

At the beginning of a headline
Complete TODO keywords.
After

XXX

Complete TeX symbols supported by the exporter.

After

*

Complete headlines in the current buffer so that they can be used in search links like:

   [[*find this headline]]
After

:

in a headline
Complete tags. The list of tags is taken from the variable org-tag-alist (possibly set through the

#+TAGS

in-buffer option, see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Setting%20tags), or it is created dynamically from all tags used in the current buffer.
After

:

and not in a headline
Complete property keys. The list of keys is constructed dynamically from all keys used in the current buffer.
After

[

Complete link abbreviations (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Link%20abbreviations).
After

#+

Complete the special keywords like

TYP_TODO

or

OPTIONS

which set file-specific options for Org mode. When the option keyword is already complete, pressing

again will insert example settings for this keyword.
In the line after

#+STARTUP:

Complete startup keywords, i.e., valid keys for this line.
Elsewhere
Complete dictionary words using Ispell.

Easy templates

Org mode supports insertion of empty structural elements (like #+BEGIN_SRC and #+END_SRC pairs) with just a few key strokes. This is achieved through a native template expansion mechanism. Note that Emacs has several other template mechanisms which could be used in a similar way, for example

yasnippet

.

To insert a structural element, type a

<

, followed by a template selector and

. Completion takes effect only when the above keystrokes are typed on a line by itself.

The following template selectors are currently supported:

Selector Template

a

 #+BEGIN_ASCII …~ #+END_ASCII~

A

 #+ASCII:

c

 #+BEGIN_CENTER … #+END_CENTER

e

 #+BEGIN_EXAMPLE … #+END_EXAMPLE

h

 #+BEGIN_HTML … #+END_HTML

H

 #+HTML:

i

 #+INDEX:

I

 #+INCLUDE:

l

 #+BEGIN_LaTeX … #+END_LaTeX

L

 #+LaTeX:

q

 #+BEGIN_QUOTE … #+END_QUOTE

s

 #+BEGIN_SRC … #+END_SRC

v

 #+BEGIN_VERSE … #+END_VERSE

For example, on an empty line, typing "<e" and then pressing TAB, will expand into a complete EXAMPLE template.

You can install additional templates by customizing the variable org-structure-template-alist. See the docstring of the variable for additional details.

Speed keys

Single keys can be made to execute commands when the cursor is at the beginning of a headline, i.e., before the first star. Configure the variable org-use-speed-commands to activate this feature. There is a pre-defined list of commands, and you can add more such commands using the variable org-speed-commands-user. Speed keys do not only speed up navigation and other commands, but they also provide an alternative way to execute commands bound to keys that are not or not easily available on a TTY, or on a small mobile device with a limited keyboard.

To see which commands are available, activate the feature and press

?

with the cursor at the beginning of a headline.

Code evaluation security

Org provides tools to work with the code snippets, including evaluating them.

Running code on your machine always comes with a security risk. Badly written or malicious code can be executed on purpose or by accident. Org has default settings that will only evaluate source code if you give explicit permission to do so, and as a casual user of these features you should leave these precautions intact.

For people who regularly work with source code, the confirmation prompts can become annoying, and you might want to turn them off. This can be done, but you must be aware of the risks that are involved.

Code evaluation can happen under the following circumstances:

Source code blocks

Source code blocks can be evaluated during export, or when pressing

C-c C-c

in the block. The most important thing to realize here is that Org mode files which contain code snippets are, in a certain sense, like executable files. So you should accept them and load them into Emacs only from trusted sources—just like you would do with a program you install on your computer.

Make sure you know what you are doing before customizing the variables that take off the default security brakes.

org-confirm-babel-evaluate
When t (the default), the user is asked before every code block evaluation. When nil, the user is not asked. When set to a function, it is called with two arguments (language and body of the code block) and should return t to ask and nil not to ask.

For example, here is how to execute "ditaa" code (which is considered safe) without asking:

(defun my-org-confirm-babel-evaluate (lang body)
  (not (string= lang "ditaa")))  ; don't ask for ditaa
(setq org-confirm-babel-evaluate 'my-org-confirm-babel-evaluate)
Following shell and elisp links

Org has two link types that can directly evaluate code (see [[External links]]). These links can be problematic because the code to be evaluated is not visible.

org-confirm-shell-link-function
Function to queries user about shell link execution.
org-confirm-elisp-link-function
Function to query user for Emacs Lisp link execution.
Formulas in tables
Formulas in tables (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/The%20spreadsheet) are code that is evaluated either by the calc interpreter, or by the Emacs Lisp interpreter.

Customization

There are more than 500 variables that can be used to customize Org. For the sake of compactness of the manual, I am not describing the variables here. A structured overview of customization variables is available with

M-x org-customize

. Or select Browse Org Group from the Org->Customization menu. Many settings can also be activated on a per-file basis, by putting special lines into the buffer (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/In-buffer%20settings).

In-buffer settings

Org mode uses special lines in the buffer to define settings on a per-file basis. These lines start with a

#+

followed by a keyword, a colon, and then individual words defining a setting. Several setting words can be in the same line, but you can also have multiple lines for the keyword. While these settings are described throughout the manual, here is a summary. After changing any of those lines in the buffer, press

C-c C-c

with the cursor still in the line to activate the changes immediately. Otherwise they become effective only when the file is visited again in a new Emacs session.

#+ARCHIVE: %s_done

This line sets the archive location for the agenda file. It applies to all subsequent lines, until the next

#+ARCHIVE

line or the end of the file. The first such line also applies to any entries before it. The corresponding variable is org-archive-location.

#+CATEGORY:

This line sets the category for the agenda file. The category applies to all subsequent lines, until the next

#+CATEGORY

line or the end of the file. The first such line also applies to any entries before it.

#+COLUMNS: %25ITEM …

Set the default format for columns view. This format applies when columns view is invoked in locations where no COLUMNS property applies.

#+CONSTANTS: name1=value1 …

Set file-local values for constants to be used in table formulas. This line sets the local variable org-table-formula-constants-local. The global version of this variable is org-table-formula-constants.

#+FILETAGS: :tag1:tag2:tag3:

Set tags that can be inherited by any entry in the file, including the top-level entries.

#+DRAWERS: NAME1 …

Set the file-local set of additional drawers. The corresponding global variable is org-drawers.

#+LINK: linkword replace

These lines (several are allowed) specify link abbreviations. See /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Link%20abbreviations. The corresponding variable is org-link-abbrev-alist.

#+PRIORITIES: highest lowest default

This line sets the limits and the default for the priorities. All three must be either letters A-Z or numbers 0-9. The highest priority must have a lower ASCII number than the lowest priority.

#+PROPERTY: Property_Name Value

This line sets a default inheritance value for entries in the current buffer, most useful for specifying the allowed values of a property.

#+SETUPFILE: file

This line defines a file that holds more in-buffer setup. Normally this is entirely ignored. Only when the buffer is parsed for option-setting lines (i.e., when starting Org mode for a file, when pressing

C-c C-c

in a settings line, or when exporting), then the contents of this file are parsed as if they had been included in the buffer. In particular, the file can be any other Org mode file with internal setup. You can visit the file the cursor is in the line with

C-c '

.

#+STARTUP:

This line sets options to be used at startup of Org mode, when an Org file is being visited.

The first set of options deals with the initial visibility of the outline tree. The corresponding variable for global default settings is org-startup-folded, with a default value t, which means overview.

overview
top-level headlines only
content
all headlines
showall
no folding of any entries
showeverything
show even drawer contents

Dynamic virtual indentation is controlled by the variable org-startup-indented.165

indent
start with org-indent-mode turned on
noindent
start with org-indent-mode turned off

Then there are options for aligning tables upon visiting a file. This is useful in files containing narrowed table columns. The corresponding variable is org-startup-align-all-tables, with a default value nil.

align
align all tables
noalign
don't align tables on startup

When visiting a file, inline images can be automatically displayed. The corresponding variable is org-startup-with-inline-images, with a default value nil to avoid delays when visiting a file.

  • inlineimages show inline images
  • noinlineimages don't show inline images on startup

Logging the closing and reopening of TODO items and clock intervals can be configured using these options (see variables org-log-done, org-log-note-clock-out, and org-log-repeat).

logdone
record a timestamp when an item is marked DONE
lognotedone
record timestamp and a note when DONE
nologdone
don't record when items are marked DONE
logrepeat
record a time when reinstating a repeating item
lognoterepeat
record a note when reinstating a repeating item
nologrepeat
do not record when reinstating repeating item
lognoteclock-out
record a note when clocking out
nolognoteclock-out
don't record a note when clocking out
logreschedule
record a timestamp when scheduling time changes
lognotereschedule
record a note when scheduling time changes
nologreschedule
do not record when a scheduling date changes
logredeadline
record a timestamp when deadline changes
lognoteredeadline
record a note when deadline changes
nologredeadline
do not record when a deadline date changes
logrefile
record a timestamp when refiling
lognoterefile
record a note when refiling
nologrefile
do not record when refiling

Here are the options for hiding leading stars in outline headings, and for indenting outlines. The corresponding variables are org-hide-leading-stars and org-odd-levels-only, both with a default setting nil (meaning showstars and oddeven).

hidestars
make all but one of the stars starting a headline invisible.
showstars
show all stars starting a headline
indent
virtual indentation according to outline level
noindent
no virtual indentation according to outline level
odd
allow only odd outline levels (1, 3, …)
oddeven
allow all outline levels

To turn on custom format overlays over timestamps (variables org-put-time-stamp-overlays and org-time-stamp-overlay-formats), use:

customtime
overlay custom time format

The following options influence the table spreadsheet (variable constants-unit-system).

constcgs

constants.el

should use the c-g-s unit system
constSI

constants.el

should use the SI unit system

To influence footnote settings, use the following keywords. The corresponding variables are org-footnote-define-inline, org-footnote-auto-label, and org-footnote-auto-adjust.

fninline
define footnotes inline
fnnoinline
define footnotes in separate section
fnlocal
define footnotes near first reference, but not inline
fnprompt
prompt for footnote labels
fnauto
create [fn:1]-like labels automatically (default)
fnconfirm
offer automatic label for editing or confirmation
fnplain
create [1]-like labels automatically
fnadjust
automatically renumber and sort footnotes
nofnadjust
do not renumber and sort automatically

To hide blocks on startup, use these keywords. The corresponding variable is org-hide-block-startup.

hideblocks
Hide all begin/end blocks on startup
nohideblocks
Do not hide blocks on startup

The display of entities as UTF-8 characters is governed by the variable org-pretty-entities and the keywords

entitiespretty
Show entities as UTF-8 characters where possible
entitiesplain
Leave entities plain

These lines (several such lines are allowed) specify the valid tags in this file, and (potentially) the corresponding fast tag selection keys. The corresponding variable is org-tag-alist.

#+TBLFM:

This line contains the formulas for the table directly above the line.
These lines provide settings for exporting files. For more details see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Export%20options.

These lines set the TODO keywords and their interpretation in the current file. The corresponding variable is org-todo-keywords.

The very busy C-c C-c key

The key

C-c C-c

has many purposes in Org, which are all mentioned scattered throughout this manual. One specific function of this key is to add tags to a headline (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Tags). In many other circumstances it means something like "Hey Org, look here and update according to what you see here." Here is a summary of what this means in different contexts.

  • If there are highlights in the buffer from the creation of a sparse tree, or from clock display, remove these highlights.
  • If the cursor is in one of the special #+KEYWORD lines, this triggers scanning the buffer for these lines and updating the information.
  • If the cursor is inside a table, realign the table. This command works even if the automatic table editor has been turned off.
  • If the cursor is on a #+TBLFM line, re-apply the formulas to the entire table.
  • If the current buffer is a capture buffer, close the note and file it. With a prefix argument, file it, without further interaction, to the default location.
  • If the cursor is on a <<<target>>>, update radio targets and corresponding links in this buffer.
  • If the cursor is in a property line or at the start or end of a property drawer, offer property commands.
  • If the cursor is at a footnote reference, go to the corresponding definition, and vice versa.
  • If the cursor is on a statistics cookie, update it.
  • If the cursor is in a plain list item with a checkbox, toggle the status of the checkbox.
  • If the cursor is on a numbered item in a plain list, renumber the ordered list.
  • If the cursor is on the #+BEGIN line of a dynamic block, the block is updated.
  • If the cursor is at a timestamp, fix the day name in the timestamp.

Clean view

Some people find it noisy and distracting that the Org headlines start with a potentially large number of stars, and that text below the headlines is not indented. While this is no problem when writing a book-like document where the outline headings are really section headings, in a more list-oriented outline, indented structure is a lot cleaner:

   * Top level headline             |    * Top level headline
   ** Second level                  |      * Second level
   *** 3rd level                    |        * 3rd level
   some text                        |          some text
   *** 3rd level                    |        * 3rd level
   more text                        |          more text
   * Another top level headline     |    * Another top level headline

2.

If you are using at least Emacs 23.2 and version 6.29 of Org, this kind of view can be achieved dynamically at display time using org-indent-mode.166 In this minor mode, all lines are prefixed for display with the necessary amount of space.167 Also headlines are prefixed with additional stars, so that the amount of indentation shifts by two spaces per level.168 All headline stars but the last one are made invisible using the org-hide face—see below under

2.

for more information on how this works.169 You can turn on org-indent-mode for all files by customizing the variable org-startup-indented, or you can turn it on for individual files using

   #+STARTUP: indent

If you want a similar effect in an earlier version of Emacs and/or Org, or if you want the indentation to be hard space characters so that the plain text file looks as similar as possible to the Emacs display, Org supports you in the following way:

Indentation of text below headlines

You may indent text below each headline to make the left boundary line up with the headline, like

   *** 3rd level
       more text, now indented

Org supports this with paragraph filling, line wrapping, and structure editing, preserving or adapting the indentation as appropriate.170

Hiding leading stars

You can modify the display in such a way that all leading stars become invisible. To do this in a global way, configure the variable org-hide-leading-stars or change this on a per-file basis with

   #+STARTUP: hidestars
   #+STARTUP: showstars

With hidden stars, the tree becomes:

   * Top level headline
    * Second level
     * 3rd level
     ...

{{{noindent}}} The leading stars are not truly replaced by whitespace, they are only fontified with the face org-hide that uses the background color as font color. If you are not using either white or black background, you may have to customize this face to get the wanted effect. Another possibility is to set this font such that the extra stars are almost invisible, for example using the color grey90 on a white background.

Odd levels

Things become cleaner still if you skip all the even levels and use only odd levels 1, 3, 5, …, effectively adding two stars to go from one outline level to the next.171 In this way we get the outline view shown at the beginning of this section. In order to make the structure editing and export commands handle this convention correctly, configure the variable org-odd-levels-only, or set this on a per-file basis with one of the following lines:

   #+STARTUP: odd
   #+STARTUP: oddeven

You can convert an Org file from single-star-per-level to the double-star-per-level convention with

M-x org-convert-to-oddeven-levels

T)}}} in that file. The reverse operation is

M-x org-convert-to-oddeven-levels

.

TTY keys

Because Org contains a large number of commands, by default many of Org's core commands are bound to keys that are generally not accessible on a tty, such as the cursor keys (

left

, and

RET

, in particular when used together with modifiers like . To access these commands on a tty when special keys are unavailable, the following alternative bindings can be used. The tty bindings below will likely be more cumbersome; you may find for some of the bindings below that a customized workaround suits you better. For example, changing a timestamp is really only fun with

keys, whereas on a tty you would rather use

C-c .

to re-insert the timestamp.

Default Alternative 1 Speed key Alternative 2

{{{kbd(C-u

C

C-c C-x l

l

C-c C-x L

L

C-c C-x r

r

C-c C-x R

R

C-c C-x u

C-c C-x U

U

C-c C-x d

C-c C-x D

D

C-c C-x c

C-c C-x m

C-c C-x M

{{{kbd(C-c

{{{kbd(C-c

{{{kbd(C-c

{{{kbd(C-c

{{{kbd(C-c C-x

{{{kbd(C-c C-x

Interaction

Org lives in the world of GNU Emacs and interacts in various ways with other code out there.

Cooperation

calc.el

by Dave Gillespie

Org uses the Calc package for implementing spreadsheet functionality in its tables (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/The%20spreadsheet). Org checks for the availability of Calc by looking for the function calc-eval which will have been autoloaded during setup if Calc has been installed properly. As of Emacs 22, Calc is part of the Emacs distribution. Another possibility for interaction between the two packages is using Calc for embedded calculations. See GNU Emacs Calc Manual.

constants.el

by Carsten Dominik

In a table formula (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/The%20spreadsheet), it is possible to use names for natural constants or units. Instead of defining your own constants in the variable org-table-formula-constants, install the

constants

package which defines a large number of constants and units, and lets you use unit prefixes like

M

for

Mega

, etc. You will need version 2.0 of this package, available at http://www.astro.uva.nl/~dominik/Tools. Org checks for the function constants-get, which has to be autoloaded in your setup. See the installation instructions in the file

constants.el

.

cdlatex.el

by Carsten Dominik

Org mode can make use of the CDLaTeX package to efficiently enter LaTeX fragments into Org files. See /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/CDLaTeX%20mode.

imenu.el

by Ake Stenhoff and Lars Lindberg

Imenu allows menu access to an index of items in a file. Org mode supports Imenu—all you need to do to get the index is the following:

(add-hook 'org-mode-hook
          (lambda () (imenu-add-to-menubar "Imenu")))

By default the index is two levels deep—you can modify the depth using the option org-imenu-depth.

remember.el

by John Wiegley

Org used to use this package for capture, but no longer does.

speedbar.el

by Eric M. Ludlam

Speedbar is a package that creates a special frame displaying files and index items in files. Org mode supports Speedbar and allows you to drill into Org files directly from the Speedbar. It also allows you to restrict the scope of agenda commands to a file or a subtree by using the command

<

in the Speedbar frame.

table.el

by Takaaki Ota

Complex ASCII tables with automatic line wrapping, column- and row-spanning, and alignment can be created using the Emacs table package by Takaaki Ota (http://sourceforge.net/projects/table, and also part of Emacs 22). Org mode will recognize these tables and export them properly. Because of interference with other Org mode functionality, you unfortunately cannot edit these tables directly in the buffer. Instead, you need to use the command

C-c '

to edit them, similar to source code snippets.

C-c '

, org-edit-special

Edit a

table.el

table. Works when the cursor is in a table.el table.

C-c XXX

, org-table-create-with-table.el

Insert a

table.el

table. If there is already a table at point, this command converts it between the

table.el

format and the Org mode format. See the documentation string of the command org-convert-table for the restrictions under which this is possible.

table.el

is part of Emacs since Emacs 22.

footnote.el

by Steven L. Baur

Org mode recognizes numerical footnotes as provided by this package. However, Org mode also has its own footnote support (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Creating%20footnotes), which makes using

footnote.el

unnecessary.

Conflicts

In Emacs 23, shift-selection-mode is on by default, meaning that cursor motions combined with the shift key should start or enlarge regions. This conflicts with the use of

commands in Org to change timestamps, TODO keywords, priorities, and item bullet types if the cursor is at such a location. By default,

commands outside special contexts don't do anything, but you can customize the variable org-support-shift-select. Org mode then tries to accommodate shift selection by using it outside of the special contexts where special commands apply, and by extending an existing active region even if the cursor moves across a special context.

CUA.el

by Kim. F. Storm

Key bindings in Org conflict with the

keys used by CUA mode (as well as pc-select-mode and s-region-mode) to select and extend the region. In fact, Emacs 23 has this built-in in the form of shift-selection-mode, see previous paragraph. If you are using Emacs 23, you probably don't want to use another package for this purpose. However, if you prefer to leave these keys to a different package while working in Org mode, configure the variable org-replace-disputed-keys. When set, Org will move the following key bindings in Org files, and in the agenda buffer (but not during date selection).

S-UP {{{result}}} M-p S-DOWN {{{result}}} M-n
S-LEFT {{{result}}} M– S-RIGHT {{{result}}} M-+
C-S-LEFT {{{result}}} M-S– C-S-RIGHT {{{result}}} M-S-+

Yes, these are unfortunately more difficult to remember. If you want to have other replacement keys, look at the variable org-disputed-keys.

filladapt.el

by Kyle Jones

Org mode tries to do the right thing when filling paragraphs, list items and other elements. Many users reported they had problems using both

filladapt.el

and Org mode, so a safe thing to do is to disable it like this:

(add-hook 'org-mode-hook 'turn-off-filladapt-mode)

yasnippet.el

The way Org mode binds the

TAB

key (binding to [tab] instead of "\t") overrules YASnippet's access to this key. The following code fixed this problem:

(add-hook 'org-mode-hook
          (lambda ()
            (setq-local yas/trigger-key [tab])
            (define-key yas/keymap [tab] 'yas/next-field-or-maybe-expand)))

The latest version of yasnippet doesn't play well with Org mode. If the above code does not fix the conflict, start by defining the following function:

(defun yas/org-very-safe-expand ()
       (let ((yas/fallback-behavior 'return-nil)) (yas/expand)))

Then, tell Org mode what to do with the new function:

(add-hook 'org-mode-hook
          (lambda ()
              (make-variable-buffer-local 'yas/trigger-key)
              (setq yas/trigger-key [tab])
              (add-to-list 'org-tab-first-hook 'yas/org-very-safe-expand)
              (define-key yas/keymap [tab] 'yas/next-field)))

windmove.el

by Hovav Shacham

This package also uses the

S-<cursor>

keys, so everything written in the paragraph above about CUA mode also applies here. If you want make the windmove function active in locations where Org mode does not have special functionality on

, add this to your configuration:

;; Make windmove work in org-mode:
(add-hook 'org-shiftup-final-hook 'windmove-up)
(add-hook 'org-shiftleft-final-hook 'windmove-left)
(add-hook 'org-shiftdown-final-hook 'windmove-down)
(add-hook 'org-shiftright-final-hook 'windmove-right)

viper.el

by Michael Kifer

Viper uses

C-c /

and therefore makes this key not access the corresponding Org mode command org-sparse-tree. You need to find another key for this command, or override the key in viper-vi-global-user-map with

(define-key viper-vi-global-user-map "C-c /" 'org-sparse-tree)

org-crypt

Org-crypt will encrypt the text of an entry, but not the headline, or properties. Org-crypt uses the Emacs EasyPG library to encrypt and decrypt files.

Any text below a headline that has a

:crypt:

tag will automatically be encrypted when the file is saved. If you want to use a different tag just customize the org-crypt-tag-matcher setting.

To use org-crypt it is suggested that you have the following in your

.emacs

:

(require 'org-crypt)
(org-crypt-use-before-save-magic)
(setq org-tags-exclude-from-inheritance (quote ("crypt")))

(setq org-crypt-key nil)
  ;; GPG key to use for encryption
  ;; Either the Key ID or set to nil to use symmetric encryption.

(setq auto-save-default nil)
  ;; Auto-saving does not cooperate with org-crypt.el: so you need
  ;; to turn it off if you plan to use org-crypt.el quite often.
  ;; Otherwise, you'll get an (annoying) message each time you
  ;; start Org.

  ;; To turn it off only locally, you can insert this:
  ;;
  ;; # -*- buffer-auto-save-file-name: nil; -*-

Excluding the crypt tag from inheritance prevents already encrypted text being encrypted again.

Hacking

This appendix describes some ways a user can extend the functionality of Org.

Hooks

Org has a large number of hook variables that can be used to add functionality. This appendix about hacking is going to illustrate the use of some of them. A complete list of all hooks with documentation is maintained by the Worg project and can be found at http://orgmode.org/worg/org-configs/org-hooks.php.

Add-on packages

A large number of add-on packages have been written by various authors. These packages are not part of Emacs, but they are distributed as contributed packages with the separate release available at the Org mode home page at http://orgmode.org. The list of contributed packages, along with documentation about each package, is maintained by the Worg project at http://orgmode.org/worg/org-contrib/.

Adding hyperlink types

Org has a large number of hyperlink types built-in (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Hyperlinks). If you would like to add new link types, Org provides an interface for doing so. Let's look at an example file,

org-man.el

, that will add support for creating links like:

   [[man:printf][The printf manual]]

to show Unix manual pages inside Emacs:

;;; org-man.el - Support for links to manpages in Org

(require 'org)

(org-add-link-type "man" 'org-man-open)
(add-hook 'org-store-link-functions 'org-man-store-link)

(defcustom org-man-command 'man
  "The Emacs command to be used to display a man page."
  :group 'org-link
  :type '(choice (const man) (const woman)))

(defun org-man-open (path)
  "Visit the manpage on PATH.
PATH should be a topic that can be thrown at the man command."
  (funcall org-man-command path))

(defun org-man-store-link ()
  "Store a link to a manpage."
  (when (memq major-mode '(Man-mode woman-mode))
    ;; This is a man page, we do make this link
    (let* ((page (org-man-get-page-name))
           (link (concat "man:" page))
           (description (format "Manpage for %s" page)))
      (org-store-link-props
       :type "man"
       :link link
       :description description))))

(defun org-man-get-page-name ()
  "Extract the page name from the buffer name."
  ;; This works for both `Man-mode' and `woman-mode'.
  (if (string-match " \\(\\S-+\\)\\*" (buffer-name))
      (match-string 1 (buffer-name))
    (error "Cannot create link to this man page")))

(provide 'org-man)

;;; org-man.el ends here

.emacs

would activate this new link type in

.emacs

with:

(require 'org-man)

{{{noindent}}} Let's go through the file and see what it does.

  1. It does (require 'org) to make sure that

    org.el

    has been loaded.
  2. The next line calls org-add-link-type to define a new link type with prefix

    man

    . The call also contains the name of a function that will be called to follow such a link.
  3. The next line adds a function to org-store-link-functions, in order to allow the command

    C-c l

    to record a useful link in a buffer displaying a man page.

The rest of the file defines the necessary variables and functions. First there is a customization variable that determines which Emacs command should be used to display man pages. There are two options, man and woman. Then the function to follow a link is defined. It gets the link path as an argument—in this case the link path is just a topic for the manual command. The function calls the value of org-man-command to display the man page.

Finally the function org-man-store-link is defined. When you try to store a link with

C-c l

, this function will be called to try to make a link. The function must first decide if it is supposed to create the link for this buffer type; we do this by checking the value of the variable major-mode. If not, the function must exit and return the value nil. If yes, the link is created by getting the manual topic from the buffer name and prefixing it with the string

man:

. Then it must call the command org-store-link-props and set the :type and :link properties. Optionally you can also set the :description property to provide a default for the link description when the link is later inserted into an Org buffer with

C-c C-l

.

When it makes sense for your new link type, you may also define a function that implements special (e.g., completion) support for inserting such a link with

C-c C-l

. Such a function should not accept any arguments, and return the full link with prefix.

Context-sensitive commands

Org has several commands that act differently depending on context. The most important example is the

C-c C-c

(see [[The very busy C-c C-c key]]). Also the

M-cursor

and

M-S-cursor

keys have this property.

Add-ons can tap into this functionality by providing a function that detects special context for that add-on and executes functionality appropriate for the context. Here is an example from Dan Davison's

org-R.el

which allows you to evaluate commands based on the

R

programming language.172 For this package, special contexts are lines that start with #+R: or #+RR:.

(defun org-R-apply-maybe ()
  "Detect if this is context for org-R and execute R commands."
  (if (save-excursion
        (beginning-of-line 1)
        (looking-at "#\\+RR?:"))
      (progn (call-interactively 'org-R-apply)
             t) ;; to signal that we took action
    nil)) ;; to signal that we did not

(add-hook 'org-ctrl-c-ctrl-c-hook 'org-R-apply-maybe)

The function first checks if the cursor is in such a line. If that is the case, org-R-apply is called and the function returns t to signal that action was taken, and

C-c C-c

will stop looking for other contexts. If the function finds it should do nothing locally, it returns nil so that other, similar functions can have a try.

Tables in arbitrary syntax

Since Orgtbl mode can be used as a minor mode in arbitrary buffers, a frequent feature request has been to make it work with native tables in specific languages, for example LaTeX. However, this is extremely hard to do in a general way, would lead to a customization nightmare, and would take away much of the simplicity of the Orgtbl mode table editor.

This appendix describes a different approach. We keep the Orgtbl mode table in its native format (the source table), and use a custom function to translate the table to the correct syntax, and to install it in the right location (the target table). This puts the burden of writing conversion functions on the user, but it allows for a very flexible system.

Bastien added the ability to do the same with lists, in Orgstruct mode. You can use Org's facilities to edit and structure lists by turning orgstruct-mode on, then locally exporting such lists in another format (HTML, LaTeX or Texinfo.)

Radio tables

To define the location of the target table, you first need to create two lines that are comments in the current mode, but contain magic words for Orgtbl mode to find. Orgtbl mode will insert the translated table between these lines, replacing whatever was there before. For example:

   /* BEGIN RECEIVE ORGTBL table_name */
   /* END RECEIVE ORGTBL table_name */

{{{noindent}}} Just above the source table, we put a special line that tells Orgtbl mode how to translate this table and where to install it. For example: 

   #+ORGTBL: SEND table_name translation_function arguments ...

{{{noindent}}} Here, table_name is the reference name for the table that is also used in the receiver lines. translation_function is the Lisp function that does the translation. Furthermore, the line can contain a list of arguments (alternating key and value) at the end. The arguments will be passed as a property list to the translation function for interpretation. A few standard parameters are already recognized and acted upon before the translation function is called:

:skip N
Skip the first N lines of the table. Hlines do count as separate lines for this parameter!
:skipcols (n1 n2 ...)
List of columns that should be skipped. If the table has a column with calculation marks, that column is automatically discarded as well. Please note that the translator function sees the table after the removal of these columns, the function never knows that there have been additional columns.
:no-escape t
When non-nil, do not escape special characters &%#_^ when exporting the table. The default value is nil.

{{{noindent}}} The one problem remaining is how to keep the source table in the buffer without disturbing the normal workings of the file, for example during compilation of a C file or processing of a LaTeX file. There are a number of different solutions:

  • The table could be placed in a block comment if that is supported by the language. For example, in C mode you could wrap the table between lines.
  • Sometimes it is possible to put the table after some kind of END statement, for example \bye in TeX and \end{document} in LaTeX.
  • You can just comment the table line-by-line whenever you want to process the file, and uncomment it whenever you need to edit the table. This only sounds tedious—the command {{{kbd(M-x orgtbl-toggle-comment)}}} makes this comment-toggling very easy, in particular if you bind it to a key.

A LaTeX example

The best way to wrap the source table in LaTeX is to use the comment environment provided by

comment.sty

. It has to be activated by placing \usepackage{comment} into the document header. Orgtbl mode can insert a radio table skeleton with the command

M-x orgtbl-insert-radio-table

.173 You will be prompted for a table name, let's say we use

salesfigures

. You will then get the following template:

   % BEGIN RECEIVE ORGTBL salesfigures
   % END RECEIVE ORGTBL salesfigures
   \begin{comment}
   #+ORGTBL: SEND salesfigures orgtbl-to-latex
   | | |
   \end{comment}

{{{noindent}}} The #+ORGTBL: SEND line tells Orgtbl mode to use the function orgtbl-to-latex to convert the table into LaTeX and to put it into the receiver location with name salesfigures. You may now fill in the table—feel free to use the spreadsheet features:174

   % BEGIN RECEIVE ORGTBL salesfigures
   % END RECEIVE ORGTBL salesfigures
   \begin{comment}
   #+ORGTBL: SEND salesfigures orgtbl-to-latex
   | Month | Days | Nr sold | per day |
   |-------+------+---------+---------|
   | Jan   |   23 |      55 |     2.4 |
   | Feb   |   21 |      16 |     0.8 |
   | March |   22 |     278 |    12.6 |
   #+TBLFM: $4=$3/$2;%.1f
   % $ (optional extra dollar to keep font-lock happy, see footnote)
   \end{comment}

in the table to get the converted table inserted between the two marker lines.

Now let's assume you want to make the table header by hand, because you want to control how columns are aligned, etc. In this case we make sure that the table translator skips the first 2 lines of the source table, and tell the command to work as a splice, i.e., to not produce header and footer commands of the target table:

   \begin{tabular}{lrrr}
   Month & \multicolumn{1}{c}{Days} & Nr.\ sold & per day\\
   % BEGIN RECEIVE ORGTBL salesfigures
   % END RECEIVE ORGTBL salesfigures
   \end{tabular}
   %
   \begin{comment}
   #+ORGTBL: SEND salesfigures orgtbl-to-latex :splice t :skip 2
   | Month | Days | Nr sold | per day |
   |-------+------+---------+---------|
   | Jan   |   23 |      55 |     2.4 |
   | Feb   |   21 |      16 |     0.8 |
   | March |   22 |     278 |    12.6 |
   #+TBLFM: $4=$3/$2;%.1f
   \end{comment}

The LaTeX translator function orgtbl-to-latex is already part of Orgtbl mode. It uses a tabular environment to typeset the table and marks horizontal lines with \hline. Furthermore, it interprets the following parameters (see also see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Translator%20functions):

:splice nil/t
When set to t, return only table body lines, don't wrap them into a tabular environment. Default is nil.
:fmt fmt
A format to be used to wrap each field, it should contain %s for the original field value. For example, to wrap each field value in dollars, you could use :fmt "$%s$". This may also be a property list with column numbers and formats, for example :fmt (2 "$%s$" 4 "%s\\%%"). A function of one argument can be used in place of the strings; the function must return a formatted string.
:efmt efmt

Use this format to print numbers with exponentials. The format should have %s twice for inserting mantissa and exponent, for example:

   "%s\\times10^{%s}"

The default is:

   "%s\\,(%s)"

This may also be a property list with column numbers and formats, for example:

   :efmt (2 "$%s\\times10^{%s}$" 4 "$%s\\cdot10^{%s}$")

After efmt has been applied to a value, fmt will also be applied. Similar to fmt, functions of two arguments can be supplied instead of strings.

Translator functions

Orgtbl mode has several translator functions built-in: orgtbl-to-csv (comma-separated values), orgtbl-to-tsv (TAB-separated values) orgtbl-to-latex, orgtbl-to-html, and orgtbl-to-texinfo. Except for orgtbl-to-html, these all use a generic translator, orgtbl-to-generic.175 For example, orgtbl-to-latex itself is a very short function that computes the column definitions for the tabular environment, defines a few field and line separators and then hands processing over to the generic translator. Here is the entire code:

(defun orgtbl-to-latex (table params)
  "Convert the Orgtbl mode TABLE to LaTeX."
  (let* ((alignment (mapconcat (lambda (x) (if x "r" "l"))
                               org-table-last-alignment ""))
         (params2
          (list
           :tstart (concat "\\begin@{tabular@}@{" alignment "@}")
           :tend "\\end@{tabular@}"
           :lstart "" :lend " \\\\" :sep " & "
           :efmt "%s\\,(%s)" :hline "\\hline")))
    (orgtbl-to-generic table (org-combine-plists params2 params))))

As you can see, the properties passed into the function (variable PARAMS) are combined with the ones newly defined in the function (variable PARAMS2). The ones passed into the function (i.e., the ones set by the

ORGTBL SEND

line) take precedence. So if you would like to use the LaTeX translator, but wanted the line endings to be \\[2mm] instead of the default \\, you could just overrule the default with:

   #+ORGTBL: SEND test orgtbl-to-latex :lend " \\\\[2mm]"

For a new language, you can either write your own converter function in analogy with the LaTeX translator, or you can use the generic function directly. For example, if you have a language where a table is started with , and where table lines are started with

!BL!

, ended with

!EL!

, and where the field separator is a TAB, you could call the generic translator like this (on a single line!):

   #+ORGTBL: SEND test orgtbl-to-generic :tstart "!BTBL!" :tend "!ETBL!"
                                 :lstart "!BL! " :lend " !EL!" :sep "\t"

{{{noindent}}} Please check the documentation string of the function orgtbl-to-generic for a full list of parameters understood by that function, and remember that you can pass each of them into orgtbl-to-latex, orgtbl-to-texinfo, and any other function using the generic function.

Of course you can also write a completely new function doing complicated things the generic translator cannot do. A translator function takes two arguments. The first argument is the table, a list of lines, each line either the symbol hline or a list of fields. The second argument is the property list containing all parameters specified in the

#+ORGTBL: SEND

line. The function must return a single string containing the formatted table. If you write a generally useful translator, please post it to the mailing list so that others can benefit from your work.

Radio lists

Sending and receiving radio lists works exactly the same way as sending and receiving radio tables (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Radio%20tables). As for radio tables, you can insert radio list templates in HTML, LaTeX and Texinfo modes by calling org-list-insert-radio-list.

Here are the differences with radio tables:

  • Orgstruct mode must be active.
  • Use the ORGLST keyword instead of ORGTBL.
  • The available translation functions for radio lists don't take parameters.

  • C-c C-c

    will work when pressed on the first item of the list.

Here is a LaTeX example. Let's say that you have this in your LaTeX file:

   % BEGIN RECEIVE ORGLST to-buy
   % END RECEIVE ORGLST to-buy
   \begin{comment}
   #+ORGLST: SEND to-buy org-list-to-latex
   - a new house
   - a new computer
     + a new keyboard
     + a new mouse
   - a new life
   \end{comment}

Pressing `C-c C-c' on a new house will insert the converted LaTeX list between the two marker lines.

Dynamic blocks

Org documents can contain dynamic blocks. These are specially marked regions that are updated by some user-written function. A good example for such a block is the clock table inserted by the command

C-c C-x C-r

(see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Clocking%20work%20time).

Dynamic blocks are enclosed by a BEGIN-END structure that assigns a name to the block and can also specify parameters for the function producing the content of the block.

   #+BEGIN: myblock :parameter1 value1 :parameter2 value2 ...

   #+END:

Dynamic blocks are updated with the following commands:

C-c C-x C-u

, org-dblock-update

Update dynamic block at point.

C-u C-c C-x C-u

Update all dynamic blocks in the current file.

Updating a dynamic block means to remove all the text between BEGIN and END, parse the BEGIN line for parameters and then call the specific writer function for this block to insert the new content. If you want to use the original content in the writer function, you can use the extra parameter :content.

For a block with name myblock, the writer function is org-dblock-write:myblock with as only parameter a property list with the parameters given in the begin line. Here is a trivial example of a block that keeps track of when the block update function was last run:

   #+BEGIN: block-update-time :format "on %m/%d/%Y at %H:%M"

   #+END:

{{{noindent}}} The corresponding block writer function could look like this:

(defun org-dblock-write:block-update-time (params)
   (let ((fmt (or (plist-get params :format) "%d. %m. %Y")))
     (insert "Last block update at: "
             (format-time-string fmt (current-time)))))

If you want to make sure that all dynamic blocks are always up-to-date, you could add the function org-update-all-dblocks to a hook, for example before-save-hook. org-update-all-dblocks is written in a way such that it does nothing in buffers that are not in org-mode.

You can narrow the current buffer to the current dynamic block (like any other block) with org-narrow-to-block.

Special agenda views

Org provides a special hook that can be used to narrow down the selection made by these agenda views: agenda, todo, alltodo, tags, tags-todo, tags-tree. You may specify a function that is used at each match to verify if the match should indeed be part of the agenda view, and if not, how much should be skipped. You can specify a global condition that will be applied to all agenda views, this condition would be stored in the variable org-agenda-skip-function-global. More commonly, such a definition is applied only to specific custom searches, using org-agenda-skip-function.

Let's say you want to produce a list of projects that contain a WAITING tag anywhere in the project tree. Let's further assume that you have marked all tree headings that define a project with the TODO keyword PROJECT. In this case you would run a TODO search for the keyword PROJECT, but skip the match unless there is a WAITING tag anywhere in the subtree belonging to the project line.

To achieve this, you must write a function that searches the subtree for the tag. If the tag is found, the function must return nil to indicate that this match should not be skipped. If there is no such tag, return the location of the end of the subtree, to indicate that search should continue from there.

(defun my-skip-unless-waiting ()
  "Skip trees that are not waiting"
  (let ((subtree-end (save-excursion (org-end-of-subtree t))))
    (if (re-search-forward ":waiting:" subtree-end t)
        nil          ; tag found, do not skip
      subtree-end))) ; tag not found, continue after end of subtree

Now you may use this function in an agenda custom command, for example like this:

(org-add-agenda-custom-command
 '("b" todo "PROJECT"
   ((org-agenda-skip-function 'my-skip-unless-waiting)
    (org-agenda-overriding-header "Projects waiting for something: "))))

Note that this also binds org-agenda-overriding-header to get a meaningful header in the agenda view.

A general way to create custom searches is to base them on a search for entries with a certain level limit. If you want to study all entries with your custom search function, simply do a search for

LEVEL>0

, and then use org-agenda-skip-function to select the entries you really want to have.176

You may also put a Lisp form into org-agenda-skip-function. In particular, you may use the functions org-agenda-skip-entry-if and org-agenda-skip-subtree-if in this form, for example:

Skip current entry if it has been scheduled.
Skip current entry if it has not been scheduled.
Skip current entry if it has a deadline.
Skip current entry if it has a deadline, or if it is scheduled.
Skip current entry if the TODO keyword is TODO or WAITING.
Skip current entry if the TODO keyword marks a DONE state.
Skip current entry if it has any timestamp, may also be deadline or scheduled. <<x-agenda-skip-entry-regexp>>
Skip current entry if the regular expression matches in the entry.
Skip current entry unless the regular expression matches.
Same as above, but check and skip the entire subtree.

Therefore we could also have written the search for WAITING projects like this, even without defining a special function:

(org-add-agenda-custom-command
 '("b" todo "PROJECT"
   ((org-agenda-skip-function '(org-agenda-skip-subtree-if
                                'regexp ":waiting:"))
    (org-agenda-overriding-header "Projects waiting for something: "))))

Extracting agenda information

Org provides commands to access agenda information for the command line in Emacs batch mode. This extracted information can be sent directly to a printer, or it can be read by a program that does further processing of the data. The first of these commands is the function org-batch-agenda, that produces an agenda view and sends it as ASCII text to STDOUT. The command takes a single string as parameter. If the string has length 1, it is used as a key to one of the commands you have configured in org-agenda-custom-commands, basically any key you can use after

C-c a

. For example, to directly print the current TODO list, you could use:

emacs -batch -l ~/.emacs -eval '(org-batch-agenda "t")' | lpr

If the parameter is a string with 2 or more characters, it is used as a tags/TODO match string. For example, to print your local shopping list (all items with the tag

shop

, but excluding the tag

NewYork

), you could use:

emacs -batch -l ~/.emacs                                      \
      -eval '(org-batch-agenda "+shop-NewYork")' | lpr

{{{noindent}}} You may also modify parameters on the fly like this:

emacs -batch -l ~/.emacs                                      \
   -eval '(org-batch-agenda "a"                               \
            org-agenda-span (quote month)                     \
            org-agenda-include-diary nil                      \
            org-agenda-files (quote ("~/org/project.org")))'  \
   | lpr

~/org/projects.org

uce a 30-day agenda, fully restricted to the Org file

~/org/projects.org

, not even including the diary.

If you want to process the agenda data in more sophisticated ways, you can use the command org-batch-agenda-csv to get a comma-separated list of values for each agenda item. Each line in the output will contain a number of fields separated by commas. The fields in a line are:

category
The category of the item
head
The headline, without TODO keyword, TAGS and PRIORITY
type

The type of the agenda entry, can be:

todo
selected in TODO match
tagsmatch
selected in tags match
diary
imported from diary
deadline
a deadline
scheduled
scheduled
timestamp
appointment, selected by timestamp
closed
entry was closed on date
upcoming-deadline
warning about nearing deadline
past-scheduled
forwarded scheduled item
block
entry has date block including date
todo
The TODO keyword, if any
tags
All tags including inherited ones, separated by colons
date
The relevant date, like 2007-2-14
time
The time, like 15:00-16:50
extra
String with extra planning info
priority-l
The priority letter if any was given
priority-n
The computed numerical priority

{{{noindent}}} Time and date will only be given if a timestamp (or deadline/scheduled) led to the selection of the item.

A CSV list like this is very easy to use in a post-processing script. For example, here is a Perl program that gets the TODO list from Emacs/Org and prints all the items, preceded by a checkbox:

#!/usr/bin/perl

# define the Emacs command to run
$cmd = "emacs -batch -l ~/.emacs -eval '(org-batch-agenda-csv \"t\")'";

# run it and capture the output
$agenda = qx@{$cmd 2>/dev/null@};

# loop over all lines
foreach $line (split(/\n/,$agenda)) @{
  # get the individual values
  ($category,$head,$type,$todo,$tags,$date,$time,$extra,
   $priority_l,$priority_n) = split(/,/,$line);
  # process and print
  print "[ ] $head\n";
@}

Using the property API

Here is a description of the functions that can be used to work with properties.

Get all properties of the entry at point-or-marker POM. This includes the TODO keyword, the tags, time strings for deadline, scheduled, and clocking, and any additional properties defined in the entry. The return value is an alist. Keys may occur multiple times if the property key was used several times.@* POM may also be nil, in which case the current entry is used. If WHICH is nil or `all', get all properties. If WHICH is `special' or `standard', only get that subclass.

Get value of PROPERTY for entry at point-or-marker POM. By default, this only looks at properties defined locally in the entry. If INHERIT is non-nil and the entry does not have the property, then also check higher levels of the hierarchy. If INHERIT is the symbol selective, use inheritance if and only if the setting of org-use-property-inheritance selects PROPERTY for inheritance.

Delete the property PROPERTY from entry at point-or-marker POM.

Set PROPERTY to VALUE for entry at point-or-marker POM.

Get all property keys in the current buffer.

Insert a property drawer for the current entry. Also

Set PROPERTY at point-or-marker POM to VALUES. VALUES should be a list of strings. They will be concatenated, with spaces as separators.

Treat the value of the property PROPERTY as a whitespace-separated list of values and return the values as a list of strings.

Treat the value of the property PROPERTY as a whitespace-separated list of values and make sure that VALUE is in this list.

Treat the value of the property PROPERTY as a whitespace-separated list of values and make sure that VALUE is not in this list.

Treat the value of the property PROPERTY as a whitespace-separated list of values and check if VALUE is in this list.

Hook for functions supplying allowed values for a specific property. The functions must take a single argument, the name of the property, and return a flat list of allowed values. If

:ETC

is one of the values, use the values as completion help, but allow also other values to be entered. The functions must return nil if they are not responsible for this property.

Using the mapping API

Org has sophisticated mapping capabilities to find all entries satisfying certain criteria. Internally, this functionality is used to produce agenda views, but there is also an API that can be used to execute arbitrary functions for each or selected entries. The main entry point for this API is:

Call FUNC at each headline selected by MATCH in SCOPE.

FUNC is a function or a Lisp form. The function will be called without arguments, with the cursor positioned at the beginning of the headline. The return values of all calls to the function will be collected and returned as a list.

The call to FUNC will be wrapped into a save-excursion form, so FUNC does not need to preserve point. After evaluation, the cursor will be moved to the end of the line (presumably of the headline of the processed entry) and search continues from there. Under some circumstances, this may not produce the wanted results. For example, if you have removed (e.g., archived) the current (sub)tree it could mean that the next entry will be skipped entirely. In such cases, you can specify the position from where search should continue by making FUNC set the variable `org-map-continue-from' to the desired buffer position.

MATCH is a tags/property/todo match as it is used in the agenda match view. Only headlines that are matched by this query will be considered during the iteration. When MATCH is nil or t, all headlines will be visited by the iteration.

SCOPE determines the scope of this command. It can be any of:

nil
The current buffer, respecting the restriction, if any.
tree
The subtree started with the entry at point.
region
The entries within the active region, if any.
file
The current buffer, without restriction.
file-with-archives
The current buffer, and any archives associated with it.
agenda
All agenda files.
agenda-with-archives
All agenda files with any archive files associated with them.
(file1 file2 …)
If this is a list, all files in the list will be scanned.

{{{noindent}}} The remaining args are treated as settings for the skipping facilities of the scanner. The following items can be given here:

archive
Skip trees with the archive tag.
comment
Skip trees with the COMMENT keyword.
function or Lisp form
Will be used as value for org-agenda-skip-function, so whenever the function returns t, FUNC will not be called for that entry and search will continue from the point where the function leaves it.

The function given to that mapping routine can really do anything you like. It can use the property API (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Using%20the%20property%20API) to gather more information about the entry, or in order to change metadata in the entry. Here are a few functions that might be handy:

Change the TODO state of the entry. See the docstring of the functions for the many possible values for the argument ARG.

Change the priority of the entry. See the docstring of this function for the possible values for ACTION.

Toggle the tag TAG in the current entry. Setting ONOFF to either on or off will not toggle tag, but ensure that it is either on or off.

Promote the current entry.

Demote the current entry.

The following simple example will turn all entries in the current file with a tag TOMORROW into TODO entries with the keyword UPCOMING. Entries in comment trees and in archive trees will be ignored.

(org-map-entries
   '(org-todo "UPCOMING")
   "+TOMORROW" 'file 'archive 'comment)

The following example counts the number of entries with TODO keyword WAITING, in all agenda files.

(length (org-map-entries t "/+WAITING" 'agenda))

MobileOrg

MobileOrg is the name of the mobile companion app for Org mode, currently available for iOS and for Android. MobileOrg offers offline viewing and capture support for an Org mode system rooted on a ``real'' computer. It does also allow you to record changes to existing entries. The iOS implementation for the iPhone/iPod Touch/iPad series of devices, was developed by Richard Moreland. Android users should check out MobileOrg Android by Matt Jones. The two implementations are not identical but offer similar features.

This appendix describes the support Org has for creating agenda views in a format that can be displayed by MobileOrg, and for integrating notes captured and changes made by MobileOrg into the main system.

For changing tags and TODO states in MobileOrg, you should have set up the customization variables org-todo-keywords and org-tags-alist to cover all important tags and TODO keywords, even if individual files use only part of these. MobileOrg will also offer you states and tags set up with in-buffer settings, but it will understand the logistics of TODO state sets (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Per-file%20keywords) and mutually exclusive tags (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Setting%20tags) only for those set in these variables.

Setting up the staging area

MobileOrg needs to interact with Emacs through a directory on a server. If you are using a public server, you should consider to encrypt the files that are uploaded to the server. This can be done with Org mode 7.02 and with MobileOrg 1.5 (iPhone version), and you need an

openssl

installation on your system. To turn on encryption, set a password in MobileOrg and, on the Emacs side, configure the variable org-mobile-use-encryption.177

The easiest way to create that directory is to use a free Dropbox account.178 When MobileOrg first connects to your Dropbox, it will create a directory MobileOrg inside the Dropbox. After the directory has been created, tell Emacs about it:

(setq org-mobile-directory "~/Dropbox/MobileOrg")

Org mode has commands to put files for MobileOrg into that directory, and to read captured notes from there.

Pushing to MobileOrg

This operation copies all files currently listed in org-mobile-files to the directory org-mobile-directory. By default this list contains all agenda files (as listed in org-agenda-files), but additional files can be included by customizing org-mobile-files. File names will be staged with paths relative to org-directory, so all files should be inside this directory.179

The push operation also creates a special Org file

agendas.org

with all custom agenda view defined by the user.180

Finally, Org writes the file

index.org

, containing links to all other files. MobileOrg first reads this file from the server, and then downloads all agendas and Org files listed in it. To speed up the download, MobileOrg will only read files whose checksums have changed.181

Pulling from MobileOrg

When MobileOrg synchronizes with the server, it not only pulls the Org files for viewing. It also appends captured entries and pointers to flagged and changed entries to the file

mobileorg.org

on the server. Org has a pull operation that integrates this information into an inbox file and operates on the pointers to flagged entries. Here is how it works:

  1. Org moves all entries found in

    mobileorg.org

    and appends them to the file pointed to by the variable org-mobile-inbox-for-pull.182 Each captured entry and each editing event will be a top-level entry in the inbox file.
  2. After moving the entries, Org will attempt to implement the changes made in MobileOrg. Some changes are applied directly and without user interaction. Examples are all changes to tags, TODO state, headline and body text that can be cleanly applied. Entries that have been flagged for further action will receive a tag :FLAGGED:, so that they can be easily found again. When there is a problem finding an entry or applying the change, the pointer entry will remain in the inbox and will be marked with an error message. You need to later resolve these issues by hand.

  3. Org will then generate an agenda view with all flagged entries. The user should then go through these entries and do whatever actions are necessary. If a note has been stored while flagging an entry in MobileOrg, that note will be displayed in the echo area when the cursor is on the corresponding agenda line.

    ?

    Pressing

    ?

    in that special agenda will display the full flagging note in another window and also push it onto the kill ring. So you could use

    ? z C-y C-c C-c

    to store that flagging note as a normal note in the entry. Pressing

    ?

    twice in succession will offer to remove the :FLAGGED: tag along with the recorded flagging note (which is stored in a property). In this way you indicate that the intended processing for this flagged entry is finished.

If you are not able to process all flagged entries directly, you can always return to this agenda view using

C-c a ?

.183

History and acknowledgments

From Carsten

Org was born in 2003, out of frustration over the user interface of the Emacs Outline mode. I was trying to organize my notes and projects, and using Emacs seemed to be the natural way to go. However, having to remember eleven different commands with two or three keys per command, only to hide and show parts of the outline tree, that seemed entirely unacceptable to me. Also, when using outlines to take notes, I constantly wanted to restructure the tree, organizing it parallel to my thoughts and plans. Visibility cycling and structure editing were originally implemented in the package

outline-magic.el

, but quickly moved to the more general

org.el

. As this environment became comfortable for project planning, the next step was adding TODO entries, basic timestamps, and table support. These areas highlighted the two main goals that Org still has today: to be a new, outline-based, plain text mode with innovative and intuitive editing features, and to incorporate project planning functionality directly into a notes file.

Since the first release, literally thousands of emails to me or to the mailing list have provided a constant stream of bug reports, feedback, new ideas, and sometimes patches and add-on code. Many thanks to everyone who has helped to improve this package. I am trying to keep here a list of the people who had significant influence in shaping one or more aspects of Org. The list may not be complete, if I have forgotten someone, please accept my apologies and let me know.

Before I get to this list, a few special mentions are in order:

Bastien Guerry
Bastien has written a large number of extensions to Org (most of them integrated into the core by now), including the LaTeX exporter and the plain list parser. His support during the early days, when he basically acted as co-maintainer, was central to the success of this project. Bastien also invented Worg, helped establishing the Web presence of Org, and sponsored hosting costs for the orgmode.org website.
Eric Schulte and Dan Davison
Eric and Dan are jointly responsible for the Org-babel system, which turns Org into a multi-language environment for evaluating code and doing literate programming and reproducible research.
John Wiegley
John has contributed a number of great ideas and patches directly to Org, including the attachment system (

org-attach.el

), integration with Apple Mail (

org-mac-message.el

), hierarchical dependencies of TODO items, habit tracking (

org-habits.el

), and encryption (

org-crypt.el

). Also, the capture system is really an extended copy of his great

remember.el

.
Sebastian Rose
Without Sebastian, the HTML/XHTML publishing of Org would be the pitiful work of an ignorant amateur. Sebastian has pushed this part of Org onto a much higher level. He also wrote

org-info.js

, a Java script for displaying webpages derived from Org using an Info-like or a folding interface with single-key navigation.

{{{noindent}}} See below for the full list of contributions! Again, please let me know what I am missing here!

From Bastien

I (Bastien) have been maintaining Org since January 2011. This appendix would not be complete without adding a few more acknowledgements and thanks to Carsten's ones above.

I am first grateful to Carsten for his trust while handing me over the maintainership of Org. His support as been great since day one of this new adventure, and it helped a lot.

When I took over maintainership, I knew I would have to make Org more collaborative than ever, as I would have to rely on people that are more knowledgeable than I am on many parts of the code. Here is a list of the persons I could rely on, they should really be considered co-maintainers, either of the code or the community:

Eric Schulte
Eric is maintaining the Babel parts of Org. His reactivity here kept me away from worrying about possible bugs here and let me focus on other parts.
Nicolas Goaziou
Nicolas is maintaining the consistency of the deepest parts of Org. His work on has been outstanding, and opened the doors for many new ideas and features.
Jambunathan K
Jambunathan contributed the ODT exporter, definitly a killer feature of Org mode. He also contributed the new HTML exporter, which is another core feature of Org. Here too, I knew I could rely on him to fix bugs in these areas and to patiently explain the users what was the problems and solutions.
Achim Gratz
Achim rewrote the building process of Org, turning some ad hoc tools into a flexible and conceptually clean process. He patiently coped with the many hicups that such a change can create for users.
Nick Dokos
The Org mode mailing list would not be such a nice place without Nick, who patiently helped users so many times. It is impossible to overestimate such a great help, and the list would not be so active without him.

I received support from so many users that it is clearly impossible to be fair when shortlisting a few of them—but Org's history would not be complete if the ones above were not mentioned in this manual.

List of contributions

  • Russel Adams came up with the idea for drawers.
  • Thomas Baumann wrote .
  • Christophe Bataillon created the great unicorn logo that we use on the Org mode website.
  • Alex Bochannek provided a patch for rounding timestamps.
  • Jan Böcker wrote

    org-docview.el

    .
  • Brad Bozarth showed how to pull RSS feed data into Org mode files.
  • Tom Breton wrote

    org-choose.el

    .
  • Charles Cave's suggestion sparked the implementation of templates for Remember, which are now templates for capture.
  • Pavel Chalmoviansky influenced the agenda treatment of items with specified time.
  • Gregory Chernov patched support for Lisp forms into table calculations and improved XEmacs compatibility, in particular by porting

    nouline.el

    to XEmacs.
  • Sacha Chua suggested copying some linking code from Planner.
  • Baoqiu Cui contributed the DocBook exporter.
  • Eddward DeVilla proposed and tested checkbox statistics. He also came up with the idea of properties, and that there should be an API for them.
  • Nick Dokos tracked down several nasty bugs.
  • Kees Dullemond used to edit projects lists directly in HTML and so inspired some of the early development, including HTML export. He also asked for a way to narrow wide table columns.
  • Thomas S. Dye contributed documentation on Worg and helped integrating the Org-Babel documentation into the manual.
  • Christian Egli converted the documentation into Texinfo format, inspired the agenda, patched CSS formatting into the HTML exporter, and wrote

    org-taskjuggler.el

    .
  • David Emery provided a patch for custom CSS support in exported HTML agendas.
  • Nic Ferrier contributed mailcap and XOXO support.
  • Miguel A. Figueroa-Villanueva implemented hierarchical checkboxes.
  • John Foerch figured out how to make incremental search show context around a match in a hidden outline tree.
  • Raimar Finken wrote

    org-git-line.el

    .
  • Mikael Fornius works as a mailing list moderator.
  • Austin Frank works as a mailing list moderator.
  • Eric Fraga drove the development of BEAMER export with ideas and testing.
  • Barry Gidden did proofreading the manual in preparation for the book publication through Network Theory Ltd.
  • Niels Giesen had the idea to automatically archive DONE trees.
  • Nicolas Goaziou rewrote much of the plain list code.
  • Kai Grossjohann pointed out key-binding conflicts with other packages.
  • Brian Gough of Network Theory Ltd publishes the Org mode manual as a book.
  • Bernt Hansen has driven much of the support for auto-repeating tasks, task state change logging, and the clocktable. His clear explanations have been critical when we started to adopt the Git version control system.
  • Manuel Hermenegildo has contributed various ideas, small fixes and patches.
  • Phil Jackson wrote

    org-irc.el

    .
  • Scott Jaderholm proposed footnotes, control over whitespace between folded entries, and column view for properties.
  • Matt Jones wrote MobileOrg Android.
  • Tokuya Kameshima wrote .
  • Shidai Liu ("Leo") asked for embedded LaTeX and tested it. He also provided frequent feedback and some patches.
  • Matt Lundin has proposed last-row references for table formulas and named invisible anchors. He has also worked a lot on the FAQ.
  • David Maus wrote

    org-atom.el

    , maintains the issues file for Org, and is a prolific contributor on the mailing list with competent replies, small fixes and patches.
  • Jason F. McBrayer suggested agenda export to CSV format.
  • Max Mikhanosha came up with the idea of refiling.
  • Dmitri Minaev sent a patch to set priority limits on a per-file basis.
  • Stefan Monnier provided a patch to keep the Emacs-Lisp compiler happy.
  • Richard Moreland wrote MobileOrg for the iPhone.
  • Rick Moynihan proposed allowing multiple TODO sequences in a file and being able to quickly restrict the agenda to a subtree.
  • Todd Neal provided patches for links to Info files and Elisp forms.
  • Greg Newman refreshed the unicorn logo into its current form.
  • Tim O'Callaghan suggested in-file links, search options for general file links, and TAGS.
  • Osamu Okano wrote

    orgcard2ref.pl

    , a Perl program to create a text version of the reference card.
  • Takeshi Okano translated the manual and David O'Toole's tutorial into Japanese.
  • Oliver Oppitz suggested multi-state TODO items.
  • Scott Otterson sparked the introduction of descriptive text for links, among other things.
  • Pete Phillips helped during the development of the TAGS feature, and provided frequent feedback.
  • Martin Pohlack provided the code snippet to bundle character insertion into bundles of 20 for undo.
  • T.V. Raman reported bugs and suggested improvements.
  • Matthias Rempe (Oelde) provided ideas, Windows support, and quality control.
  • Paul Rivier provided the basic implementation of named footnotes. He also acted as mailing list moderator for some time.
  • Kevin Rogers contributed code to access VM files on remote hosts.
  • Frank Ruell solved the mystery of the keymapp nil bug, a conflict with

    allout.el

    .
  • Jason Riedy generalized the send-receive mechanism for Orgtbl tables with extensive patches.
  • Philip Rooke created the Org reference card, provided lots of feedback, developed and applied standards to the Org documentation.
  • Christian Schlauer proposed angular brackets around links, among other things.
  • Paul Sexton wrote

    org-ctags.el

    .
  • Tom Shannon's

    organizer-mode.el

    inspired linking to VM/BBDB/Gnus.
  • Ilya Shlyakhter proposed the Archive Sibling, line numbering in literal examples, and remote highlighting for referenced code lines.
  • Stathis Sideris wrote the

    ditaa.jar

    ASCII to PNG converter that is now packaged into Org's

    contrib

    directory.
  • Daniel Sinder came up with the idea of internal archiving by locking subtrees.
  • Dale Smith proposed link abbreviations.
  • James TD Smith has contributed a large number of patches for useful tweaks and features.
  • Adam Spiers asked for global linking commands, inspired the link extension system, added support for mairix, and proposed the mapping API.
  • Ulf Stegemann created the table to translate special symbols to HTML, LaTeX, UTF-8, Latin-1 and ASCII.
  • Andy Stewart contributed code to

    org-w3m.el

    , to copy HTML content with links transformation to Org syntax.
  • David O'Toole wrote

    org-publish.el

    and drafted the manual chapter about publishing.
  • Jambunathan K contributed the ODT exporter.
  • Sebastien Vauban reported many issues with LaTeX and BEAMER export and enabled source code highlighting in Gnus.
  • Stefan Vollmar organized a video-recorded talk at the Max-Planck-Institute for Neurology. He also inspired the creation of a concept index for HTML export.
  • J\"urgen Vollmer contributed code generating the table of contents in HTML output.
  • Samuel Wales has provided important feedback and bug reports.
  • Chris Wallace provided a patch implementing the

    QUOTE

    keyword.
  • David Wainberg suggested archiving, and improvements to the linking system.
  • Carsten Wimmer suggested some changes and helped fix a bug in linking to Gnus.
  • Roland Winkler requested additional key bindings to make Org work on a tty.
  • Piotr Zielinski wrote

    org-mouse.el

    , proposed agenda blocks and contributed various ideas and code snippets.

GNU Free Documentation License

Concept index

Key index

Command and function index

Variable index

This is not a complete index of variables and faces, only the ones that are mentioned in the manual. For a more complete list, use

{{{kbd(M-x org-customize

and then click yourself through the tree.

Copying

This manual is for Org version {{{version}}}.

Copyright (C) 2004-2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with the Front-Cover texts being ``A GNU Manual,'' and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License.''

(a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You have the freedom to copy and modify this GNU manual. Buying copies from the FSF supports it in developing GNU and promoting software freedom.''

This document is part of a collection distributed under the GNU Free Documentation License. If you want to distribute this document separately from the collection, you can do so by adding a copy of the license to the document, as described in section 6 of the license.

Footnotes

1

The iCalendar file will contain TODO and agenda items only.

2

If your Emacs distribution does not come with Org, the function org-version will not be defined.

3

The master branch is where development takes place.

4

The output from install-info (if any) is system dependent. In particular, Debian and its derivatives use two different versions of install-info. You may safely ignore the message:

   This is not dpkg install-info anymore, but GNU install-info
   See the man page for ginstall-info for command line arguments

returned by install-info.

5

If you don't use font-lock globally, turn it on in an Org buffer with (add-hook 'org-mode-hook 'turn-on-font-lock).

6

Please consider subscribing to the mailing list in order to minimize the work the mailing list moderators have to do.

7

Easy templates insert lowercase keywords and Babel dynamically inserts #+results.

8

See the variables org-special-ctrl-a/e, org-special-ctrl-k, and org-ctrl-k-protect-subtree to configure special behavior of in headlines. Note also that clocking only works with headings indented less than 30 stars.

9

See the option org-cycle-global-at-bob.

10

The indirect buffer will contain the entire buffer, but will be narrowed to the current tree. Editing the indirect buffer will also change the original buffer, but without affecting visibility in that buffer. For more information about indirect buffers, GNU Emacs Manual.

11

If you do not want the line to be split, customize the variable org-M-RET-may-split-line.

12

See also the variables org-show-hierarchy-above, org-show-following-heading, org-show-siblings, and org-show-entry-below for detailed control on how much context is shown around each match.

13

This does not work under XEmacs, because XEmacs uses selective display for outlining, not text properties.

14

When using * as a bullet, lines must be indented or they will be seen as top-level headlines. Also, when you are hiding leading stars to get a clean outline view, plain list items starting with a star may be hard to distinguish from true headlines. In short: even though * is supported, it may be better to not use it for plain list items.

15

You can filter out any of them by configuring org-plain-list-ordered-item-terminator.

16

You can also get `a.', `A.', `a)' and `A)' by configuring `org-alphabetical-lists'. To minimize confusion with normal text, those are limited to one character only. Beyond that limit, bullets will automatically fallback to numbers.

17

If there's a checkbox in the item, the cookie must be put before the checkbox. If you have activated alphabetical lists, you can also use counters like [@b].

18

See also org-empty-line-terminates-plain-lists.

19

Org only changes the filling settings for Emacs. For XEmacs, you should use Kyle E. Jones'

filladapt.el

.

20

If you do not want the item to be split, customize the variable org-M-RET-may-split-line.

21

If you want to cycle around items that way, you may customize org-list-use-circular-motion.

22

See org-list-use-circular-motion for a cyclic behavior.

23

You can define additional drawers on a per-file basis with a line like #+DRAWERS: HIDDEN STATE.

24

The corresponding in-buffer setting is: #+STARTUP: fninline or #+STARTUP: nofninline.

25

The corresponding in-buffer options are #+STARTUP: fnadjust and #+STARTUP: nofnadjust.

26

To insert a vertical bar into a table field, use \vert or, inside a word abc\vert{}def.

27

This feature does not work on XEmacs.

28

Centering does not work inside Emacs, but it does have an effect when exporting to HTML.

29

Org will understand references typed by the user as

B4

, but it will not use this syntax when offering a formula for editing. You can customize this behavior using the variable org-table-use-standard-references.

30

For backward compatibility you can also use special names like $LR5 and $LR12 to refer in a stable way to the fifth and twelfth field in the last row of the table. However, this syntax is deprecated, it should not be used for new documents. Use @>$ instead.

31

The computation time scales as O(N^2) because table FOO is parsed for each field to be copied.

32

The file

constants.el

can supply the values of constants in two different unit systems, SI and cgs. Which one is used depends on the value of the variable constants-unit-system. You can use the #+STARTUP: options constSI and constcgs to set this value for the current buffer.

33

The

calc

package has the non-standard convention that / has lower precedence than *, so that a/b*c is interpreted as a/(b*c).

34

The printf reformatting is limited in precision because the value passed to it is converted into an integer or double. The integer is limited in size by truncating the signed value to 32 bits. The double is limited in precision to 64 bits overall which leaves approximately 16 significant decimal digits.

35

Such names must start with an alphabetic character and use only alphanumeric/underscore characters.

36

Note that text before the first headline is usually not exported, so the first such target should be after the first headline, or in the line directly before the first headline.

37

To insert a link targeting a headline, in-buffer completion can be used. Just type a star followed by a few optional letters into the buffer and press

. All headlines in the current buffer will be offered as completions.

38

The actual behavior of the search will depend on the value of the variable org-link-search-must-match-exact-headline. If its value is nil, then a fuzzy text search will be done. If it is t, then only the exact headline will be matched. If the value is

'query-to-create

, then an exact headline will be searched; if it is not found, then the user will be queried to create it.

39

If the headline contains a timestamp, it will be removed from the link and result in a wrong link – you should avoid putting a timestamp in the headline.

40

The library

org-id

must first be loaded, either through org-customize by enabling id in org-modules, or by adding (require 'org-id) in your

.emacs

.

41

Note that you don't have to use this command to insert a link. Links in Org are plain text, and you can type or paste them straight into the buffer. By using this command, the links are automatically enclosed in double brackets, and you will be asked for the optional descriptive text.

42

After insertion of a stored link, the link will be removed from the list of stored links. To keep it in the list later use, use a triple , or configure the option org-keep-stored-link-after-insertion.

43

This works if a function has been defined in the :complete property of a link in org-link-parameters.

44

See the variable org-display-internal-link-with-indirect-buffer.

45

The variable org-startup-with-inline-images can be set within a buffer with the #+STARTUP: keywords inlineimages and noinlineimages.

46

For backward compatibility, line numbers can also follow a single colon.

47

Of course, you can make a document that contains only long lists of TODO items, but this is not required.

48

Changing the variable org-todo-keywords only becomes effective after restarting Org mode in a buffer.

49

This is also true for the

t

command in the timeline and agenda buffers.

50

All characters are allowed except @^!, which have a special meaning here.

51

Check also the variable org-fast-tag-selection-include-todo, it allows you to change the TODO state through the tags interface (/ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Setting%20tags), in case you like to mingle the two concepts. Note that this means you need to come up with unique keys across both sets of keywords.

52

Org mode parses these lines only when Org mode is activated after visiting a file.

C-c C-c

with the cursor in a line starting with

#+

is simply restarting Org mode for the current buffer.

53

The corresponding in-buffer setting is: #+STARTUP: logdone.

54

The corresponding in-buffer setting is: #+STARTUP: lognotedone.

55

See the variable org-log-states-order-reversed.

56

Note that the LOGBOOK drawer is unfolded when pressing

SPC

in the agenda to show an entry—use

{{{kbd(C-u

to keep it folded here.

57

It is possible that Org mode will record two timestamps when you are using both org-log-done and state change logging. However, it will never prompt for two notes—if you have configured both, the state change recording note will take precedence and cancel the

Closing Note

.

58

See also the option org-priority-start-cycle-with-default.

59

To keep subtasks out of the global TODO list, see the org-agenda-todo-list-sublevels.

60

With the exception of description lists. But you can allow it by modifying org-list-automatic-rules accordingly.

61

Set the variable org-hierarchical-checkbox-statistics if you want such cookies to count all checkboxes below the cookie, not just those belonging to direct children.

62

C-u C-c C-c

on the first item of a list with no checkbox will add checkboxes to the rest of the list.

63

As with all these in-buffer settings, pressing

C-c C-c

activates any changes in the line.

64

This is only true if the search does not involve more complex tests including properties (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Property%20searches).

65

Keys will automatically be assigned to tags that have no configured keys.

66

Please note that the COLUMNS definition must be on a single line—it is wrapped here only because of formatting constraints.

67

Contributed packages are not part of Emacs, but are distributed with the main distribution of Org (visit http://orgmode.org).

68

The Org date format is inspired by the standard ISO 8601 date/time format. To use an alternative format, see [[Custom time format]]. The day name is optional when you type the date yourself. However, any dates inserted or modified by Org will add that day name, for reading convenience.

69

When working with the standard diary sexp functions, you need to be very careful with the order of the arguments. That order depends evilly on the variable calendar-date-style (or, for older Emacs versions, european-calendar-style). For example, to specify a date December 12, 2005, the call might look like (diary-date 12 1 2005) or (diary-date 1 12 2005) or (diary-date 2005 12 1), depending on the settings. This has been the source of much confusion. Org mode users can resort to special versions of these functions like org-date or org-anniversary. These work just like the corresponding diary- functions, but with stable ISO order of arguments (year, month, day) wherever applicable, independent of the value of calendar-date-style.

70

See the variable org-read-date-prefer-future. You may set that variable to the symbol time to even make a time before now shift the date to tomorrow.

71

If you don't need/want the calendar, configure the variable org-popup-calendar-for-date-prompt.

72

If you find this distracting, turn off the display with org-read-date-display-live.

73

It will still be listed on that date after it has been marked DONE. If you don't like this, set the variable org-agenda-skip-scheduled-if-done.

74

The dates are inserted on the line right below the headline. Don't put any text between this line and the headline.

75

Note the corresponding #+STARTUP keywords logredeadline, lognoteredeadline, and nologredeadline.

76

Note the corresponding #+STARTUP keywords logreschedule, lognotereschedule, and nologreschedule.

77

In fact, the target state is taken from, in this sequence, the REPEAT_TO_STATE property or the variable org-todo-repeat-to-state. If neither of these is specified, the target state defaults to the first state of the TODO state sequence.

78

You can change this using the option org-log-repeat, or the #+STARTUP options logrepeat, lognoterepeat, and nologrepeat. With lognoterepeat, you will also be prompted for a note.

79

Clocking only works if all headings are indented with less than 30 stars. This is a hardcoded limitation of lmax in org-clock-sum.

80

To resume the clock under the assumption that you have worked on this task while outside Emacs, use (setq org-clock-persist t).

81

To add an effort estimate ``on the fly'', hook a function doing this to org-clock-in-prepare-hook.

82

The last reset of the task is recorded by the LAST_REPEAT property.

83

See also the variable org-clock-modeline-total.

84

The corresponding in-buffer setting is: #+STARTUP: lognoteclock-out.

85

Language terms can be set through the variable org-clock-clocktable-language-setup.

86

Note that all parameters must be specified in a single line—the line is broken here only to fit it into the manual.

87

On computers using Mac OS X, idleness is based on actual user idleness, not just Emacs' idle time. For X11, you can install a utility program

x11idle.c

, available in the contrib/scripts directory of the Org git distribution, to get the same general treatment of idleness. On other systems, idle time refers to Emacs idle time only.

88

You may change the property being used with the variable org-effort-property.

89

Please note the pitfalls of summing hierarchical data in a flat list (/ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Agenda%20column%20view).

90

Please select your own key,

C-c c

is only a suggestion.

91

If you need one of these sequences literally, escape the

%

with a backslash.

92

If you define your own link types (see [[Adding hyperlink types]]), any property you store with org-store-link-props can be accessed in capture templates in a similar way.

93

This will always be the other, not the user. See the variable org-from-is-user-regexp.

94

If you move entries or Org files from one directory to another, you may want to configure org-attach-directory to contain an absolute path.

95

Note the corresponding #+STARTUP keywords logrefile, lognoterefile, and nologrefile.

96

For backward compatibility, the following also works: If there are several such lines in a file, each specifies the archive location for the text below it. The first such line also applies to any text before its definition. However, using this method is strongly deprecated as it is incompatible with the outline structure of the document. The correct method for setting multiple archive locations in a buffer is using properties.

97

If the value of that variable is not a list, but a single file name, then the list of agenda files will be maintained in that external file.

98

When using the dispatcher, pressing

<

before selecting a command will actually limit the command to the current file, and ignore org-agenda-files until the next dispatcher command.

99

For backward compatibility, you can also press

1

to restrict to the current buffer.

100

For backward compatibility, you can also press

0

to restrict to the current region/subtree.

101

For backward compatibility, the universal prefix

C-u

causes all TODO entries to be listed before the agenda. This feature is deprecated, use the dedicated TODO list, or a block agenda instead (see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Block%20agenda).

102

The variable org-anniversary used in the example is just like diary-anniversary, but the argument order is always according to ISO and therefore independent of the value of calendar-date-style.

104

For backward compatibility, the following also works: if there are several such lines in a file, each specifies the category for the text below it. The first category also applies to any text before the first CATEGORY line. However, using this method is strongly deprecated as it is incompatible with the outline structure of the document. The correct method for setting multiple categories in a buffer is using a property.

105

Only tags filtering will be respected here, effort filtering is ignored.

106

Custom commands can preset a filter by binding the variable org-agenda-tag-filter-preset as an option. This filter will then be applied to the view and persist as a basic filter through refreshes and more secondary filtering. The filter is a global property of the entire agenda view—in a block agenda, you should only set this in the global options section, not in the section of an individual block.

107

You can also create persistent custom functions through org-agenda-bulk-custom-functions.

108

The Emacs diary file is parsed for the agenda when org-agenda-include-diary is set.

109

You can provide a description for a prefix key by inserting a cons cell with the prefix and the description.

110

For HTML you need to install Hrvoje Niksic's

htmlize.el

. To create PDF output, the ghostscript

ps2pdf

utility must be installed on the system. Selecting a PDF file will also create the postscript file.

111

If you want to store standard views like the weekly agenda or the global TODO list as well, you need to define custom commands for them in order to be able to specify file names.

112

Quoting depends on the system you use, please check the FAQ for examples.

113

This works automatically for the HTML backend (it requires version 1.34 of the

htmlize.el

package, which is distributed with Org). Fontified code chunks in LaTeX can be achieved using either the listings package or the minted package. Refer to org-export-latex-listings documentation for details.

114

Code in

src

blocks may also be evaluated either interactively or on export. See /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Working%20with%20source%20code for more information on evaluating code blocks.

115

Adding -k to -n -r will keep the labels in the source code while using line numbers for the links, which might be useful to explain those in an Org mode example code.

116

Upon exit, lines starting with , will get a comma prepended, to keep them from being interpreted by Org as outline nodes or special syntax. These commas will be stripped for editing with

C-c '

, and also for export.

117

You may select a different-mode with the variable org-edit-fixed-width-region-mode.

118

LaTeX is a macro system based on Donald E. Knuth's TeX system. Many of the features described here as LaTeX are really from TeX, but for simplicity I am blurring this distinction.

119

You can turn this on by default by setting the variable org-pretty-entities, or on a per-file base with the #+STARTUP option entitiespretty.

120

If you plan to use this regularly or on pages with significant page views, you should install

MathJax

on your own server in order to limit the load of our server.

121

For this to work you need to be on a system with a working LaTeX installation. You also need the

dvipng

program or the

convert

, respectively available at http://sourceforge.net/projects/dvipng/ and from the

ImageMagick

suite. The LaTeX header that will be used when processing a fragment can be configured with the variable org-format-latex-header.

122

When

MathJax

is used, only the environment recognized by

MathJax

will be processed. When

dvipng

is used to create images, any LaTeX environments will be handled.

123

Org mode has a method to test if the cursor is inside such a fragment, see the documentation of the function org-inside-LaTeX-fragment-p.

124

The variable org-export-date-timestamp-format defines how this timestamp will be exported.

125

If you want to configure many options this way, you can use several #+OPTIONS lines.

126

To make this behavior the default, customize the variable org-export-run-in-background.

127

This requires transient-mark-mode be turned on.

128

To select the current subtree, use

C-c @

.

129

This requires transient-mark-mode be turned on.

130

To select the current subtree, use

C-c @

.

131

But see the variable org-export-html-inline-images.

132

If you plan to use this regularly or on pages with significant page views, you should install MathJax on your own server in order to limit the load of our server. Installation instructions can be found on the MathJax website, see http://www.mathjax.org/resources/docs/?installation.html.

133

If the classes on TODO keywords and tags lead to conflicts, use the variables org-export-html-todo-kwd-class-prefix and org-export-html-tag-class-prefix to make them unique.

134

This style is defined in the constant org-export-html-style-default, which you should not modify. To turn inclusion of these defaults off, customize org-export-html-style-include-default.

135

The default LaTeX output is designed for processing with pdftex or LaTeX. It includes packages that are not compatible with xetex and possibly luatex. See the variables org-export-latex-default-packages-alist and org-export-latex-packages-alist.

136

This requires transient-mark-mode be turned on.

137

To select the current subtree, use

C-c @

.

138

Into which the values of org-export-latex-default-packages-alist and org-export-latex-packages-alist are spliced.

139

One can also take advantage of this option to pass other, unrelated options into the figure or table environment. For an example see the section ``Exporting org files'' in http://orgmode.org/worg/org-hacks.html.

140

This requires transient-mark-mode to be turned on.

141

To select the current subtree, use

C-c @

.

142

ODT export was added in Org mode version 7.8.

144

This requires transient-mark-mode to be turned on.

145

To select the current subtree, use

C-c @

.

146

The column widths are interpreted as weighted ratios with the default weight being 1.

147

Use of

ImageMagick

is only desirable. However, if you routinely produce documents that have large images or you export your Org files that has images using a Emacs batch script, then the use of

ImageMagick

is mandatory.

148

See MathToWeb.

149

Your

htmlfontify.el

library must at least be at Emacs 24.1 levels for fontification to be turned on.

151

See the <table:table-template> element of the OpenDocument-v1.2 specification.

152

See the attributes table:template-name, table:use-first-row-styles, table:use-last-row-styles, table:use-first-column-styles, table:use-last-column-styles, table:use-banding-rows-styles, and table:use-banding-column-styles of the <table:table> element in the OpenDocument-v1.2 specification.

153

Note that archives.

154

See the variables org-icalendar-use-deadline and org-icalendar-use-scheduled.

155

To add inherited tags or the TODO state, configure the variable org-icalendar-categories.

156

The LOCATION property can be inherited from higher in the hierarchy if you configure org-use-property-inheritance accordingly.

157

The files

file-source.org

and

file-source.org.html

if source and publishing directories are equal. Note that with this kind of setup, you need to add :exclude "-source\\.org" to the project definition in org-publish-project-alist to prevent the published source files from being considered as new org files the next time the project is published.

159

Whenever code is evaluated there is a potential for that code to do harm. Org mode provides safeguards to ensure that code is only evaluated after explicit confirmation from the user. For information on these safeguards (and on how to disable them) see [[Code evaluation security]].

160

The org-babel-no-eval-on-ctrl-c-ctrl-c variable can be used to remove code evaluation from the

C-c C-c

key binding.

161

Note that evaluation of header arguments is guaranteed to take place in the original Org mode file, while there is no such guarantee for evaluation of the code block body.

162

The example requires that property inheritance be turned on for the noweb-ref property, see /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Property%20inheritance.

163

In certain languages this also contains the error output stream; this is an area for future work.

164

The last evaluation performed by the interpreter is obtained in a language-specific manner: the value of the variable _ in Python and Ruby, and the value of .Last.value in R.

165

Emacs 23 and Org mode 6.29 are required.

166

Emacs 23.1 can actually crash with org-indent-mode.

167

Note that org-indent-mode also sets the wrap-prefix property, such that visual-line-mode (or purely setting word-wrap) wraps long lines (including headlines) correctly indented.

168

See the variable org-indent-indentation-per-level.

169

Turning on org-indent-mode sets org-hide-leading-stars to t and org-adapt-indentation to nil.

170

See also the variable org-adapt-indentation.

171

When you need to specify a level for a property search or refile targets, LEVEL=2 will correspond to 3 stars, etc.

172

The

org-R.el

package has been replaced by the Org mode functionality described in /ndwarshuis/org-mode/src/commit/1c7cf61bd78a51c2804ca3f7caf65cd874c271c7/contrib/Working%20with%20source%20code and is now obsolete.

173

By default this works only for LaTeX, HTML, and Texinfo. Configure the variable orgtbl-radio-tables to install templates for other modes.

174

If the

#+TBLFM

line contains an odd number of dollar characters, this may cause problems with font-lock in LaTeX mode. As shown in the example you can fix this by adding an extra line inside the comment environment that is used to balance the dollar expressions. If you are using AUCTeX with the font-latex library, a much better solution is to add the comment environment to the variable LaTeX-verbatim-environments.

175

The HTML translator uses the same code that produces tables during HTML export.

176

Note that, when using org-odd-levels-only, a level number corresponds to order in the hierarchy, not to the number of stars.

177

If you can safely store the password in your Emacs setup, you might also want to configure `org-mobile-encryption-password'. Please read the docstring of that variable. Note that encryption will apply only to the contents of the `.org' files. The file names themselves will remain visible.

178

If you cannot use Dropbox, or if your version of MobileOrg does not support it, you can use a webdav server. For more information, check out the documentation of MobileOrg and also this FAQ entry.

179

Symbolic links in org-directory need to have the same name as their targets.

180

While creating the agendas, Org mode will force ID properties on all referenced entries, so that these entries can be uniquely identified if MobileOrg flags them for further action. If you do not want to get these properties in so many entries, you can set the variable org-mobile-force-id-on-agenda-items to nil. Org mode will then rely on outline paths, in the hope that these will be unique enough.

181

Checksums are stored automatically in the file

checksums.dat

.

182

The file

mobileorg.org

will be empty after this operation.

183

Note, however, that there is a subtle difference. The view created automatically by

{{{kbd(M-x org-mobile-pull

is guaranteed to search all files that have been addressed by the last pull. This might include a file that is not currently in your list of agenda files. If you later use

C-c a ?

to regenerate the view, only the current agenda files will be searched.