diff --git a/tex/thesis.tex b/tex/thesis.tex index 435fdb6..e0049c5 100644 --- a/tex/thesis.tex +++ b/tex/thesis.tex @@ -78,6 +78,7 @@ \newacronym{all}{ALL}{acute lymphoblastic leukemia} \newacronym{pdms}{PDMS}{polydimethylsiloxane} \newacronym{dc}{DC}{dendritic cell} +\newacronym{il}{IL}{interleukin} \newacronym{il2}{IL2}{interleukin 2} \newacronym{il15}{IL15}{interleukin 15} \newacronym{il15r}{IL15R}{interleukin 15 receptor} @@ -218,6 +219,9 @@ \newcommand{\ptcar}{\gls{car}+} \newcommand{\ptcarp}{\ptcar~\si{\percent}} +% so I don't need to worry about abbreviating all the different interleukins +\newcommand{\il}[1]{\gls{il}-#1} + % DOE responses I don't feel like typing ad-nauseam \newcommand{\pilII}{\gls{il2} concentration} \newcommand{\pdms}{\gls{dms} concentration} @@ -667,6 +671,54 @@ stimulated in the presence of collagen I\cite{Boisvert2007}. % with fibronectin and has been shown to lead to higher IL2 production (Iwata et % al 2000). +\subsection*{the role of IL15 in memory T cell proliferation} + +\il{15} is a cytokine that is involved with the proliferation and homeostasis of +memory T cells. Its role in the work of this dissertation is the subject of +further exploration in \cref{aim2b}. + +T cell activation and proliferation is primarily driven through \il{2}, which is +secreted by activated T cells themselves and functions in a paracrine and +autocrine manner (). However, \il{15} is functionally similar in that it shares +almost the same pathway as \il{2} (). In particular, both cytokines share the +common gamma subchain (CD132) as well as the \il{2} $\upbeta$ receptor (CD122) +(). The main difference in the heterodimeric receptors for \il{2} and \il{15} is +the \il{2} $\upalpha$ chain (CD25) and the \il{15} $\upalpha$ chain +respectively, both of which have high affinity for their respective ligands. +The \il{2R$\upalpha$} chain itself does not have any signaling capacity, and +therefore all the signaling resulting from \il{2} is mediated thought the +$\upbeta$ and $\upgamma$ chains, namely via JAK1 and JAK3 leading to STAT5 +activation consequently T cell activation. \il{15R$\upalpha$} itself has some +innate signaling capacity, but this is poorly characterized in lymphocytes. Thus +there is a significant overlap between the functions of \il{2} and \il{15} due +to their receptors sharing the $\upbeta$ and $\upgamma$ chains in their +heterodimeric receptors. + +Where \il{15} is unique is that many (or possibly most) of its functions derive +from being membrane-bound to its receptor. Particularly, \il{15R$\upalpha$} +binds to soluble \il{15} which produces a complex that can transmit signals to +close neighboring cells (so called \textit{trans} presentation). This has been +demonstrated in adoptive cell models, where T cells lacking \il{15R$\upalpha$} +were able to generate memory T cells and proliferate in response to \il{15} when +given to mice expressing \il{15R$\upalpha$} (). The implication of this +mechanism is that cells expression \il{15R$\upalpha$} either need to express +\il{15} themselves or be near other cells expressing \il{15}, and that they need +to be in close proximity to other cells expressing the $\upbeta$ and $\upgamma$ +chains to receive the signal. In addition to \textit{trans} presentation, +\il{15} may also work in a \textit{cis} manner, where \il{15R$\upalpha$}/\il{15} +complexes may bind to the $\upbeta$ and $\upgamma$ chains on the same cell, +assuming all receptors are expressed and soluble \il{15} is available (). +Finally, \il{15R$\upalpha$} itself can exist in a soluble form, which can bind +to \il{15} and signal to cells which are not adjacent to the source independent +of the \textit{cis/trans} mechanisms already described (). + +Functionally, mice lacking the gene for either \il{15} or its +high affinity receptor \il{15R$\upalpha$} are generally healthy but show a +deficit in memory CD8 T cells as well as NK cells and NKT cells. T cells +themselves express \il{15} and all three of its receptor components (). +Additionally, blocking \il{15} itself or \il{15R$\upalpha$} \invitro{} has been +shown to inhibit homeostatic proliferation of resting human T cells (). + \subsection*{strategies to optimize cell manufacturing} The \gls{dms} system has a number of parameters that can be optimized, and a