ADD references to the microcarrier section

tex/references.bib

@@ -1799,6 +1799,147 @@ CONCLUSIONS: We developed a simplified, semi-closed system for the initial selec
   publisher = {Informa {UK} Limited},
 }
 
+@Article{WEZEL1967,
+  author    = {A. L. VAN WEZEL},
+  journal   = {Nature},
+  title     = {Growth of Cell-strains and Primary Cells on Micro-carriers in Homogeneous Culture},
+  year      = {1967},
+  month     = {oct},
+  number    = {5110},
+  pages     = {64--65},
+  volume    = {216},
+  doi       = {10.1038/216064a0},
+  publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media {LLC}},
+}
+
+@Article{Derakhti2019,
+  author    = {Sorour Derakhti and Seyed Hamid Safiabadi-Tali and Ghassem Amoabediny and Mojgan Sheikhpour},
+  journal   = {Materials Science and Engineering: C},
+  title     = {Attachment and detachment strategies in microcarrier-based cell culture technology: A comprehensive review},
+  year      = {2019},
+  month     = {oct},
+  pages     = {109782},
+  volume    = {103},
+  doi       = {10.1016/j.msec.2019.109782},
+  publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
+}
+
+@Article{Chen2013,
+  author    = {Allen Kuan-Liang Chen and Shaul Reuveny and Steve Kah Weng Oh},
+  journal   = {Biotechnology Advances},
+  title     = {Application of human mesenchymal and pluripotent stem cell microcarrier cultures in cellular therapy: Achievements and future direction},
+  year      = {2013},
+  month     = {nov},
+  number    = {7},
+  pages     = {1032--1046},
+  volume    = {31},
+  doi       = {10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.03.006},
+  publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
+}
+
+@Article{Xiao1999,
+  author    = {Chengzu Xiao and Zicai Huang and Wengqing Li and Xianwen Hu and Wenlu Qu and Lihua Gao and Gaoyan Liu},
+  journal   = {Cytotechnology},
+  title     = {{High} density and scale-up cultivation of recombinant {CHO} cell line and hybridomas with porous microcarrier {Cytopore}},
+  year      = {1999},
+  number    = {1/3},
+  pages     = {143--147},
+  volume    = {30},
+  doi       = {10.1023/a:1008038609967},
+  publisher = {Springer Science and Business Media {LLC}},
+}
+
+@Article{Kim2011,
+  author    = {Beum Jun Kim and Ti Zhao and Lincoln Young and Peng Zhou and Michael L. Shuler},
+  journal   = {Biotechnology and Bioengineering},
+  title     = {Batch, fed-batch, and microcarrier cultures with {CHO} cell lines in a pressure-cycle driven miniaturized bioreactor},
+  year      = {2011},
+  month     = {oct},
+  number    = {1},
+  pages     = {137--145},
+  volume    = {109},
+  doi       = {10.1002/bit.23289},
+  publisher = {Wiley},
+}
+
+@Article{Zhang2016,
+  author    = {Zhanpeng Zhang and Thomas W Eyster and Peter X Ma},
+  journal   = {Nanomedicine},
+  title     = {Nanostructured injectable cell microcarriers for tissue regeneration},
+  year      = {2016},
+  month     = {jun},
+  number    = {12},
+  pages     = {1611--1628},
+  volume    = {11},
+  doi       = {10.2217/nnm-2016-0083},
+  publisher = {Future Medicine Ltd},
+}
+
+@Article{Saltz2016,
+  author    = {Adam Saltz and Umadevi Kandalam},
+  journal   = {Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A},
+  title     = {Mesenchymal stem cells and alginate microcarriers for craniofacial bone tissue engineering: A review},
+  year      = {2016},
+  month     = {jan},
+  number    = {5},
+  pages     = {1276--1284},
+  volume    = {104},
+  doi       = {10.1002/jbm.a.35647},
+  publisher = {Wiley},
+}
+
+@Article{Park2013,
+  author    = {Jeong-Hui Park and Rom{\'{a}}n A. P{\'{e}}rez and Guang-Zhen Jin and Seung-Jun Choi and Hae-Won Kim and Ivan B. Wall},
+  journal   = {Tissue Engineering Part B: Reviews},
+  title     = {Microcarriers Designed for Cell Culture and Tissue Engineering of Bone},
+  year      = {2013},
+  month     = {apr},
+  number    = {2},
+  pages     = {172--190},
+  volume    = {19},
+  doi       = {10.1089/ten.teb.2012.0432},
+  publisher = {Mary Ann Liebert Inc},
+}
+
+@Article{Malda2006,
+  author    = {Jos Malda and Carmelita G. Frondoza},
+  journal   = {Trends in Biotechnology},
+  title     = {Microcarriers in the engineering of cartilage and bone},
+  year      = {2006},
+  month     = {jul},
+  number    = {7},
+  pages     = {299--304},
+  volume    = {24},
+  doi       = {10.1016/j.tibtech.2006.04.009},
+  publisher = {Elsevier {BV}},
+}
+
+@Article{Schop2010,
+  author    = {D. Schop and R. van Dijkhuizen-Radersma and E. Borgart and F. W. Janssen and H. Rozemuller and H-J. Prins and J. D. de Bruijn},
+  journal   = {Journal of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine},
+  title     = {Expansion of human mesenchymal stromal cells on microcarriers: growth and metabolism},
+  year      = {2010},
+  month     = {feb},
+  number    = {2},
+  pages     = {131--140},
+  volume    = {4},
+  doi       = {10.1002/term.224},
+  publisher = {Wiley},
+}
+
+@Article{Rafiq2016,
+  author    = {Qasim A. Rafiq and Karen Coopman and Alvin W. Nienow and Christopher J. Hewitt},
+  journal   = {Biotechnology Journal},
+  title     = {Systematic microcarrier screening and agitated culture conditions improves human mesenchymal stem cell yield in bioreactors},
+  year      = {2016},
+  month     = {feb},
+  number    = {4},
+  pages     = {473--486},
+  volume    = {11},
+  doi       = {10.1002/biot.201400862},
+  publisher = {Wiley},
+}
+
 @Comment{jabref-meta: databaseType:bibtex;}
 
 @Comment{jabref-meta: grouping:

tex/thesis.tex

@@ -579,40 +579,39 @@ present our final conclusions in Chapter~\ref{conclusions}.
 Microcarriers have historically been used to grow a number of adherent cell
 types for a variety of applications. They were introduced in 1967 as a means to
 grow adherent cells `in suspension', effectively turning a 2D flask system into
-a 3D culture system (https://www.nature.com/articles/216064a0.pdf).
+a 3D culture system\cite{WEZEL1967}. Microcarriers are generally spherical and
-Microcarriers are generally spherical and are several hundred \si{\um} in
+are several hundred \si{\um} in diameter, which means they collectively have a
-diameter, which means they collectively have a much higher surface area than a
+much higher surface area than a traditional flask when matched for volume.
-traditional flask when matched for volume. Consequently, this means that
+Consequently, this means that microcarrier-based cultures can operate with much
-microcarrier-based cultures can operate with much lower footprints than
+lower footprints than flask-like systems. Microcarriers also allow cell culture
-flask-like systems. Microcarriers also allow cell culture to operate more like a
+to operate more like a traditional chemical engineering process, wherein a
-traditional chemical engineering process, wherein a stirred tank bioreactor may
+stirred tank bioreactor may be employed to enhance oxygen transfer, maintain pH,
-be employed to enhance oxygen transfer, maintain pH, and continuously supply
+and continuously supply nutrients\cite{Derakhti2019}.
-nutrients ().
 
 A variety of microcarriers have been designed, primarily differing in their
 choice of material and macroporous structure. Key concerns have been cell
 attachment at the beginning of culture and cell detachment at the harvesting
 step; these have largely driven the nature of the material and structures
-employed. Many microcarriers simply use polystyrene (the material used for
+employed\cite{Derakhti2019}. Many microcarriers simply use polystyrene (the
-tissue culture flasks and dishes in general) with no modification (SoloHill
+material used for tissue culture flasks and dishes in general) with no
-Plastic, Nunc Biosilon), with a cationic surface charge (SoloHill Hillex) or
+modification (SoloHill Plastic, Nunc Biosilon), with a cationic surface charge
-coated with an \gls{ecm} protein such as collagen (SoloHill Fact III). Other
+(SoloHill Hillex) or coated with an \gls{ecm} protein such as collagen (SoloHill
-base materials have been used such as dextran (GE Healthcare Cytodex), cellulose
+Fact III). Other base materials have been used such as dextran (GE Healthcare
-(GE Healthcare Cytopore), and glass (Sigma Aldrich G2767), all with none or
+Cytodex), cellulose (GE Healthcare Cytopore), and glass (Sigma Aldrich G2767),
-similar surface modifications. Additionally, some microcarriers such as
+all with none or similar surface modifications. Additionally, some microcarriers
-\gls{cus} and \gls{cug} are composed entirely out of protein (in these cases,
+such as \gls{cus} and \gls{cug} are composed entirely out of protein (in these
-porcine collagen) which also allows the microcarriers to be enzymatically
+cases, porcine collagen) which also allows the microcarriers to be enzymatically
 degraded. In the case of non-protein materials, cells may still be detached
 using enzymes but these require similar methods to those currently used in
 flasks such as trypsin which target the cellular \gls{ecm} directly. Since
 trypsin and related enzymes tends to be harsh on cells, an advantage of using
 entirely protein-based microcarriers is that they can be degraded using a much
 safer enzyme such as collagenase, at the cost of being more expensive and also
-being harder to make \gls{gmp}-compliant. Going one step further, some
+being harder to make \gls{gmp}-compliant\cite{Derakhti2019}. Going one step
-microcarriers are composed of a naturally degrading scaffold such as alginate,
+further, some microcarriers are composed of a naturally degrading scaffold such
-which do not need an enzyme for degradation but are limited in that the
+as alginate, which do not need an enzyme for degradation but are limited in that
-degradation process is less controllable. Finally, microcarriers can differ in
+the degradation process is less controllable. Finally, microcarriers can differ
-their overall structure. \gls{cug} and \gls{cus} microcarriers as well as the
+in their overall structure. \gls{cug} and \gls{cus} microcarriers as well as the
 Cytopore microcarriers are macroporous, meaning they have a porous network in
 which cells can attach throughout their interior. This drastically increases the
 effective surface area and consequently the number of cells which may be grown
@@ -620,18 +619,16 @@ per unit volume. Other microcarriers are microporous (eg only to small
 molecules) or not porous at all (eg polystyrene) in which case the cells can
 only grow on the surface.
 
-% https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0734975013000657
-% https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1008038609967
-% https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/bit.23289
 Microcarriers have seen the most use in growing \gls{cho} cells and hybridomas
-in the case of protein manufacturing (eg \gls{igg} production) as well as
+in the case of protein manufacturing (eg \gls{igg} production)\cite{Xiao1999,
-pluripotent stem cells and mesenchymal stromal cells more recently in the case
+  Kim2011} as well as pluripotent stem cells and mesenchymal stromal cells more
-of cell manufacturing\cite{Heathman2015, Sart2011}. Interestingly, some groups
+recently in the case of cell manufacturing\cite{Heathman2015, Sart2011,
-have even explored using biodegradable microcarriers \invivo{} as a delivery
+  Chen2013, Schop2010, Rafiq2016}. Interestingly, some groups have even explored
-vehicle for stem cell therapies in the context of regenerative medicine.
+using biodegradable microcarriers \invivo{} as a delivery vehicle for stem cell
-However, the characteristic shared by all the cell types in this application is
+therapies in the context of regenerative medicine\cite{Zhang2016, Saltz2016,
-the fact that they are adherent. In this work, we explore the use of
+  Park2013, Malda2006}. However, the characteristic shared by all the cell types
-microcarrier for T cells, which are naturally non-adherent.
+in this application is the fact that they are adherent. In this work, we explore
+the use of microcarrier for T cells, which are naturally non-adherent.
 
 \subsection{overview of T cells in immunotherapies}