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org-babel: executable source code blocks in org-mode

Introduction

Org-babel provides the following modifications to the existing support for blocks of source code examples in the org-mode core.

  1. source code execution
  2. arguments to source code blocks

Basic org-babel functionality

Source code execution

For interpreted languages such as shell, python, R, etc, org-babel allows source blocks to be executed: the code is passed to the interpreter and you have control over what is done with the results of excecution. E.g. place point anywhere in the following block and use C-c C-c to run the code:

import time
x = 4
print("hello\n")
#print time.ctime()
print [5, 10]
hello
510

x = 4
date()
c(5, 10)
5
10

What happens to the results?

Org-babel provides two fundamentally different modes for capturing the results of code evaluation, specified by the :results header argument:

:results value

This means that the 'result' of code evaluation is defined to be the value of the last statement in the block. Thus with this setting, one can view the code block as a function with a return value. And not only can one view it that way, but you can actually use the return value of one source block as input for another (see later). This setting is the default.

:results output

With this setting, org-babel captures all the text output of the code block and places it in the org buffer. One can think of this as a 'scripting' mode: the code block contains a series of commands, and you get the output of all the commands. Unlike in the 'functional' mode specified by :results value, the code block has no return value. (This mode will be familiar to Sweave users).

Additional :results settings

Arguments to source code blocks

In addition to evaluation of code blocks, org-babel allows them to be parameterised (i.e. have arguments). Thus source code blocks now have the status of functions.

A meta-programming language for org-mode

Spreadsheet plugins for org-mode in any language

Reproducible research

  • output vs. value mode
  • file & graphical output
  • controlling export

Literate programming

  • org-babel-tangle
  • org-babel-load-file

Reference / Documentation

Source Code block syntax

The basic syntax of source-code blocks is as follows:

#+srcname: name
#+begin_src language header-arguments
body
#+end_src
name
This name is associated with the source-code block. This is similar to the #+TBLNAME lines which can be used to name tables in org-mode files. By referencing the srcname of a source-code block it is possible to evaluate the block for other places, files, or from inside tables.
language
The language of the code in the source-code block, valid values must be members of `org-babel-interpreters'.
header-arguments
Header arguments control many facets of the input to, evaluation of, and output of source-code blocks. See the Header Arguments section for a complete review of available header arguments.
body
The actual source code which will be evaluated. This can be edited with `org-edit-special'.
Header Arguments
results

results arguments specify what should be done with the output of source-code blocks

  • The following options are mutually exclusive, and specify how the results should be collected from the source-code block

    value
    output

  • The following options are mutually exclusive and specify what type of results the code block will return

    vector
    specifies that the results should be interpreted as a multidimensional vector (even if the vector is trivial), and will be inserted into the org-mode file as a table
    scalar
    specifies that the results should be interpreted as a scalar value, and will be inserted into the org-mode file as quoted text
    file
    specifies that the results should be interpreted as the path to a file, and will be inserted into the org-mode file as a link

  • The following options specify how the results should be inserted into the org-mode file

    replace
    the current results replace any previously inserted results from the code block
    silent
    rather than being inserted into the org-mode file the results are echoed into the message bar
exports

exports arguments specify what should be included in html or latex exports of the org-mode file

code
the body of code is included into the exported file
results
the results of evaluating the code is included in the exported file
both
both the code and results are included in the exported file
none
nothing is included in the exported file
tangle

tangle arguments specify whether or not the source-code block should be included in tangled extraction of source-code files

yes
the source-code block is exported to a source-code file named after the basename (name w/o extension) of the org-mode file
no
(default) the source-code block is not exported to a source-code file
other
any other string passed to the tangle header argument is interpreted as a file basename to which the block will be exported